65766 Data Set Published / External 1099 PIFSC Socioeconomics Program: Human Dimensions Research Metadata Portfolio Project Completed 2020 2021 This dataset includes qualitative interview data aggregated and entered into an excel csv file. We collected data by observing virtual Council-hosted meetings and conducting virtual unstructured interviews from September 2020 to July 2021. Interviewees were selected either for A) their participation in the 2015-16 Hawaiʻi bottomfish commercial fishery data workshops, or B) their knowledge of, contribution to, or direct participation in Guam’s bottomfish fisheries, fishery operations and data collection, stock assessment science, and subsequent management. Participants were identified through the 2015-16 workshop attendee list (Yau 2018) and the lead author’s points of contact within the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (WPRFMC), the Guam Division of Aquatics and Wildlife Resources (DAWR), and Guam and Hawaiʻi fishing communities. Additional participants were identified through participant referral. A total of 42 stakeholders were interviewed. Data from interviews and participant observations were coded to track themes that emerged from the data. Data were coded to capture and organize themes relevant to multi-stakeholder engagement processes and the relationship between bottomfish fisheries, science, and management. These data document engagement challenges and opportunities to improve both relationships between stakeholders involved in bottomfish stock assessment, and stock assessment inputs and processes themselves. Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > AQUATIC SCIENCES > FISHERIES Theme Guam Theme bottomfish Theme fisheries management Theme human dimensions Theme power dynamics Theme qualitative methods Theme socioeconomics Theme stakeholder conflict Theme stakeholder knowledge Theme stock assessment Theme territorial agencies Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Honolulu HI USA Main Hawaiian Islands Data Set CSV Files None Planned Table (digital) This dataset includes qualitative interview data aggregated and entered into an excel csv file. While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. 66291 Published / External Completed Raw interview data were organized into a codebook containing 20 umbrella nodes (or thematic categories), with each umbrella node associated with up to four generations of child nodes. Each node captured different topics discussed in interviews, or meaningful themes that emerged from the dataset. This table contains the names and descriptions of the codebook's 20 umbrella nodes and their first generation child nodes, where applicable. Data Table Yes Raw interview data were organized into a codebook containing 20 umbrella nodes (or thematic categories), with each umbrella node associated with up to four generations of child nodes. Each node captured different topics discussed in interviews, or meaningful themes that emerged from the dataset. This table contains the names and descriptions of the codebook's 20 umbrella nodes and their first generation child nodes, where applicable. 1 00_Region CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for the various geographic areas referenced during interviews and meetings, within and beyond the Pacific Islands Region. CHARACTER 2 00A_Hawaii CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the state of Hawai'i and its fisheries during data collection. CHARACTER 3 00B_Mainland_US CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the mainland United States and its fisheries during data collection. CHARACTER 4 00C_NWHI CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the Northwest Hawaiian Islands and its fisheries during data collection. CHARACTER 5 00D_Territories CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to Pacific Islands territories (e.g., American Samoa, Guam, and the CNMI) and their fisheries during data collection. CHARACTER 6 05_Fisher_identity CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of various facets of research participant identities. CHARACTER 7 05A_Demographics CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to research participant/fisher demographic variables, including age, education, gender, ethnicity, and place of origin. CHARACTER 8 05B_Character_traits_and_Values CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to personality traits exhibited by or described by research participants. CHARACTER 9 05C_Type_of_fishing CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of the type of fishing a fisher might identify with, with respect to the scale or commercialization of their fishing (e.g., commercial, non-commercial, charter, expense). CHARACTER 10 05I_Starting_out CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of how research participants entered into fisheries. CHARACTER 11 15_Science_and_Management_context CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to science and management frameworks that contextualize bottomfish fisheries and their stock assessment in the Pacific Islands region. CHARACTER 12 15A_Data_streams CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of the scientific data streams relevant to bottomfish fisheries and their stock assessment in the Pacific Islands region. CHARACTER 13 15B_Historical CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to historical events and interpersonal relationships that contextualize bottomfish fisheries and their stock assessment in the Pacific Islands region. CHARACTER 14 15C_SA_Schedules CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the schedules and timelines within which bottomfish stock assessment operates. CHARACTER 15 15D_Sampling_design CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the sampling designs that bottomfish data collection initiatives are based on, primarily creel survey design. CHARACTER 16 15E_Mgmt_tools_and_initiatives CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to management tools and initiatives relevant to bottomfish fisheries and their stock assessment in the Pacific Islands region, including bottomfish rebuilding plans, community development plans, and Fishery Management Plans. CHARACTER 17 20_Economic_context CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of the economic context surrounding bottomfish fisheries in the Pacific Islands region. CHARACTER 18 20A_Economic_relief CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to government-provided economic relief as a tool to mitigate impacts to managed fishing communities. CHARACTER 19 20B_Fishing_costs CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the financial costs associated with fishing. CHARACTER 20 20C_Market CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to market dynamics relevant to bottomfish fisheries in the Pacific Islands region, including supply, demand, and market prices. CHARACTER 21 25_Cultural_context CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of cultural context for bottomfish fisheries in the Pacific Islands region, including references to the relatively small size of territorial fisheries, a lack of regulatory precedent, dynamics that favor deferral to mentors and elders, and, with regard to fisheries sciene, a commitment to traditional methods of modeling. CHARACTER 22 30_SA_foci_and_terminology CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for terminology associated with stock assessment and resulting management measures. CHARACTER 23 30A_ACL CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to Annual Catch Limits. CHARACTER 24 30B_ACT CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to Annual Catch Targets. CHARACTER 25 30C_CPUE CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to Catch Per Unit Effort and the factors that may impact it, including fisher experience, weather, fishign effort, depredation, and fish presence versus bite. CHARACTER 26 30D_Model_alternatives CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to different types of models that can be used in stock assessment, including age structured, biomass, length-based, spawning potential ratio, and production models. CHARACTER 27 30E_MSY CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to Maximum Sustainable Yield. CHARACTER 28 30F_Overall_SA_accuracy CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on the overall accuracy or quality of stock assessment. CHARACTER 29 30G_TAC CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to Total Allowable Catch. CHARACTER 30 30H_Stock_status_and_fishing_rate CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on the difficulty of estimating bottomfish stock status as a function of total catch in the territories. CHARACTER 31 31_Opportunities_for_SA CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on opportunities to improve bottomfish stock assessment, especially in the territories. CHARACTER 32 31A_Addl_data_streams CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of incorporating additional data streams into stock assessment models as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 33 31B_Alternative_mgmt_tools CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on alternative management tools that may better suit the Pacific Islands region's unique challenges in bottomfish data collection and stock assessment. CHARACTER 34 31C_Alternative_models CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on exploring and applying alternative stock assessment models as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 35 31D_Eval_existing_data_streams CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on efforts to evaluate existing territorial data streams as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 36 31E_Focus_on_uncertainty_and_probability CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on recognizing and accounting for uncertainty and probability as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 37 31F_Improved_data_collection_systems CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on improving data collection protocols and systems as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 38 31G_Mandatory_L_and_R CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on implementary mandatory licensing and reporting in the territories as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 39 31H_Revise_BMUS_List CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on revising the list of Bottomfish Management Unit Species as an opportunity to improve stock assessment. CHARACTER 40 31I_SEFSC_data_approval_process CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of the unique approach applied by the NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, which convenes a panel including industry members to approve data for use in stock assessment. CHARACTER 41 31J_Split_complex CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on splitting or otherwise dividing territorial bottomfish complexes into smaller units for stock assessment (e.g., shallow v. bottom, individual species). CHARACTER 42 40_Engagement_goals_and_benefits CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of benefits that have been or could be derived from engagement between bottomfish stakeholders (e.g., fishers, scientists, managers, etc.). CHARACTER 43 40A_Building_relationships CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to relationship-building as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders. CHARACTER 44 40B_Capacity_building CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to capacity building as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders, including references to the capacity to engage effectively with other stakeholders, local capacity for fisheries science and engagement, and capacity within stakeholder groups to better understand and deliver on their role in fisheries, science, and management. CHARACTER 45 40C_Improved_legitimacy CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to improving the perceived legitimacy of fisheries science and management as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders. CHARACTER 46 40D_Improved_processes CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to improving fisheries science and management processes as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders, including data collection and submission, stock assessment modeling, management decision-making, and incorporating stakeholder input into such processes. CHARACTER 47 40E_Inventory_research CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to taking stock of all existing efforts to study bottomfish as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders. CHARACTER 48 40F_Shared_understanding_and_info CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to sharing information and building shared understanding as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders. CHARACTER 49 40G_Sustainable_fisheries CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to improving the sustainability of fisheries as a goal/benefit of engagement between bottomfish stakeholders. CHARACTER 50 41_Challenges CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of various challenges either encountered during multi-stakeholder engagement around (territorial bottomfish) fisheries, or that complicate bottomfish stock assessment. CHARACTER 51 41A_Communication CHARACTER 22 No No Active Communication challenges that impede effective engagement between stakeholders, including a lack of communication and issues with the translation of language and concepts between stakeholders. CHARACTER 52 41B_Compliance CHARACTER 22 No No Active Issues with compliance and participation, especially with respect to data reporting, that complicate fisheries stock assessment. Also issues with management compliance. CHARACTER 53 41C_CREMUS_to_BMUS CHARACTER 22 No No Active Issues related to a recent transition in the territories away from Coral Reef Ecosystem Management Unit Species toward Bottomfish Management Unit Species for federal science and management. CHARACTER 54 41D_Stakeholder_disconnect CHARACTER 22 No No Active Issues related to the disconnect in information, language, thought processes, and efforts between stakeholders. CHARACTER 55 41E_Data CHARACTER 22 No No Active Issues related to the bottomfish fisheries data, including data accuracy, availability and collection, reporting, and treatment by fisheries scientists. CHARACTER 56 41F_Scientific_inconsistencies CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the inconsistencies in scientific outputs that affect the perceived legitimacy of related fisheries science and management. CHARACTER 57 41G_Geography CHARACTER 22 No No Active Challenges related to the geographical spread of stakeholders across the Pacific Islands region, particularly the concentration of resources and personnel in Honolulu. CHARACTER 58 41H_Historical_management CHARACTER 22 No No Active Engagement challenges related to historical fisheries management decisions and outcomes. CHARACTER 59 41I_Inadequate_SA CHARACTER 22 No No Active Perceptions of the fisheries stock assessment as inadequate that impede effective engagement. CHARACTER 60 41J_Institutional_constraints CHARACTER 22 No No Active Constraints placed on individuals within an institution (e.g., a fishing community, federal organization, or territorial agency) that impede effective communication and engagement. CHARACTER 61 41K_Pandemic CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the pandemic, including its role in limiting stakeholder engagement. CHARACTER 62 41L_Power CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of political and power dynamics that contextualize bottomfish fisheries science, including the differential access, influence, and financial capital that stakeholders wield in fisheries science and management, feelings of being dismissed or marginalized by stakeholders or institutions in power (e.g., federal government), and high costs of engagement. CHARACTER 63 41M_Relationships CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of relationship dynamics that contextualize bottomfish fisheries and its science and management, including stakeholder mistrust and conflict, blaming and defensive posturing, and the challenges introduced by transient actors. CHARACTER 64 50_Types_of_engagement CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for the different types of stakeholder engagement that were mentioned in interviews and meetings, including collaborative research, Council meetings, social media, virtual meetings, formalized workshops, and community-centered meetings. CHARACTER 65 51_Engagement_strategies CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of various approaches to engagement that can or may benefit its efficacy. CHARACTER 66 51A_Communication CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to communication-centered strategies to improve engagement, including those related to tailoring messaging and language, transparency, setting clear expectations, and listening. CHARACTER 67 51B_Conflict_preparedness CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of efforts to expect, understand, and prepare for conflict between participants during stakeholder engagement for the benefit of an engagement effort. CHARACTER 68 51C_Consistency CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of consistency and demonstrated commitment to communication and engagement as important for success. CHARACTER 69 51D_Engagement_incentives_and_motives CHARACTER 22 No No Active Descriptions of the diverse incentives that motivate stakeholders' engagement with one another, including access to data, financial incentives, intrinsic interest or motivation, and negative triggers like fisheries restrictions or rejection of a scientific product. CHARACTER 70 51E_Facilitation_and_Design CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to meeting structure, design, and facilitation tools that may benefit engagement, including meeting participants where they are mentally and physically, focusing on solutions, setting clear goals and using directed questions to guide discussion, and considering group size. CHARACTER 71 51F_In-_to_out-group CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the strategy of engaging with small, cohesive groups first, then integrating different stakeholders and ideas into subsequent meetings, to work toward large multi-stakeholder meetings. CHARACTER 72 51G_Investment_and_return CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the importance of delivering some tangible return or product of engagement efforts to validate and incentivize the efforts of participants. CHARACTER 73 51H_Level_of_participation CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on the level of participation and influence interviewees expect other stakeholders to derive from their engagement efforts. CHARACTER 74 51I_Local_mediators CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the value of local mediators or participants in meetings to help bridge cultural divides. CHARACTER 75 51J_Soft CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to intangible, relationship- and trust-building principles critical for effective engagement, including respect, commitment, collaboration, sincerity, and face-to-face time. CHARACTER 76 55_Timelines CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the timing of various processes relevant to territorial bottomfish fisheries and their stock assessment. CHARACTER 77 55A_Pre-engagement CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the timing of processes that are planned to or should precede formal engagement. CHARACTER 78 55B_Initial_engagement CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the timing of processes that initiate formal engagement. CHARACTER 79 55C_Post-engagement CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the timing of processes that should follow engagement. CHARACTER 80 55D_Management CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the timing of management processes. CHARACTER 81 55E_Next_assessment CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the timing of future stock assessments. CHARACTER 82 70_Who_to_include CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on who should be included in engagement related to (territorial bottomfish) fisheries and their stock assessment. CHARACTER 83 70A_Criteria CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to various characteristics and considerations that determine who to include in engagment endeavors, including representation (e.g., of a fishing community of interest), fisher experience or skill level, the ability of individuals to commit to an engagement process, and individuals' ability to bridge disconnects between other stakeholders. CHARACTER 84 70B_Order_of_contact CHARACTER 22 No No Active References to the order in which stakeholders should be contacted in preparation for engagement. CHARACTER 85 70C_Inclusivity_and_Exclusivity CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on balancing the benefits and drawbacks of incusivity and exclusivity in deciding who to engage. CHARACTER 86 70D_Key_actors CHARACTER 22 No No Active Commentary on the role of key stakeholders in engagement. CHARACTER 87 75_Knowledge_types CHARACTER 22 No No Active Types of knowledge wielded by different stakeholders, including experiential, technical/formalized, inherited, and institutional. CHARACTER 88 80_Stakeholders CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for the various stakeholders referenced during data collection, including fishers, fish buyers, managers, scientists, governmental entities, and environmentalists. CHARACTER 89 82_Stakeholder_roles CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for the different roles stakeholders occupy, as they are relevant to bottomfish fisheries, their science, and management. CHARACTER 90 85_Institutions CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for the various institutions mentioned during meetings and interviews, to which research participants belong. These include academic institutions, fisher organizations, federal institutions like NMFS, territorial and state agencies, NGOs, and the Western Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Council. CHARACTER 91 90_Key_Concepts_and_Quotes CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for illustrative quotes and key concepts. CHARACTER 92 91_Contacts CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for new contacts mentioned during data collection. CHARACTER 93 99_Other CHARACTER 22 No No Active A tracking node for miscellaneous topics not directly related to this project. CHARACTER Data Steward 2020 Person Iwane, Mia mia.iwane@noaa.gov Distributor 2020 Organization Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center PIFSC pifsc.info@noaa.gov https://ror.org/02apffz65 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA 808-725-5360 https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center homepage Online Resource 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. email or phone: 808-725-5399 Metadata Contact 2020 Person Iwane, Mia mia.iwane@noaa.gov Point of Contact 2020 Person Iwane, Mia mia.iwane@noaa.gov Ground Condition Hawaii; Guam; American Samoa Range 2020 2021 Data were collected between September 2020 and July 2021, with a feedback period from research participants in September and October of 2021. Sensitive contact Point of Contact or Data Steward contact Point of Contact or Data Steward contact Point of Contact or Data Steward contact Point of Contact or Data Steward We collected data primarily through virtual unstructured interviews from September 2020 to July 2021. Interviewees were selected either for A) their participation in the 2015-16 Hawaiʻi bottomfish commercial fishery data workshops, or B) their knowledge of, contribution to, or direct participation in Guam’s bottomfish fisheries, fishery operations and data collection, stock assessment science, and subsequent management. Participants were identified through the 2015-16 workshop attendee list (Yau 2018) and the lead author’s points of contact within the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council (WPRFMC, hereafter referred to as “the Council”), the Guam Division of Aquatics and Wildlife Resources (DAWR), and Guam and Hawaiʻi fishing communities. Additional participants were identified through participant referral. We interviewed 42 stakeholders in total. Sixteen of these met criteria A, and 30 of these met criteria B, with several interviewees meeting both criteria. Interviewees provided representation from fishers and fish vendors (15, nearly equally split between Hawaiʻi and Guam), the NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO) or Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) and its contractors (15), the Guam DAWR (5), and the Council, its contractors, and committee members (7). We also attended meetings hosted by the Council and its territorial Advisory Panels in which the territorial bottomfish fisheries, their stock assessment, and/or management were discussed by multiple stakeholder groups. Participant observation provided insights into how stakeholders with membership in fishing, research, and management communities across federal and territorial institutions perceive and communicate around such issues. As these discussions focused on American Samoa’s bottomfish fisheries and their stock assessment given their earlier stock assessment timeline, we take the opportunity to document relevant insights from American Samoa intermittently throughout this report. The data represent the opinions and beliefs of the participants of these interviews. Yes Unknown Yes Yes To Be Determined Data are currently stored on secured network drives at PIFSC, maintained by PIFSC IT services This dataset includes qualitative interview data aggregated and entered into an excel csv file. We conducted unstructured interviews with 42 stakeholders from fishing communities, the Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, Guam Division of Aquatics and Wildlife Resources, PIRO, and PIFSC based out of Hawaii and Guam between September 2020 and July 2021. We used a mixture of key informant, purposive, and snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted in the English, the primary language of all interviewees. Interviews focused on the interviewee’s relationship to bottomfish fisheries, their stock assessment, and management; experience with multi-stakeholder engagement around bottomfish fisheries; valuable engagement outcomes and goals; preferred engagement processes and venues; and expected challenges. An interview guide provided a general framework with which to conduct unstructured interviews, but interviewees were encouraged to introduce and elaborate on topics relevant to their expertise or perspective. Multi-stakeholder engagement around territorial bottomfish stock assessment: Perspectives from Hawai'i and Guam Person Mia Iwane Originator 1 Data were coded into a coding structure that has 20 umbrella nodes, with up to four generations of child nodes. Person Iwane, Mia mia.iwane@noaa.gov 66291 Entity gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:65766 Mia Iwane 2021-11-03T01:30:50 SysAdmin InPortAdmin 2025-12-03T01:00:28 2022-01-05 Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center PIFSC 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA 808-725-5300 https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. 1001 Public No No 2022-01-05 1 Year 2023-01-05