67851 SfM Structural Complexity StRS US Pacific Data Set Published / External 63090 Structure From Motion Project On Going 2022-11 2025 The data described here are structural complexity estimates derived from Structure-from-Motion (SfM) benthic habitat imagery from diver transect surveys conducted at stratified-random sites (StRS) by the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP). The coral reef photos, collected by scuba divers, are used to generate 3-dimensional models, digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthomosaics using Agisoft Metashape photogrammetric software. The digital elevation models were analyzed in R studio to derive estimates of habitat structural complexity, using metrics such as: rugosity, fractal dimension, and height range, among others. The source imagery is archived and described separately at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/63095. The SfM surveys are part of the Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) surveys for corals and fish conducted during ESD-led NCRMP missions. Sites were imaged using underwater cameras along 3x20m (3x13m for sites deeper than 18m) transects across the U.S. Pacific Island areas beginning in 2019. Please refer to the Lineage section for SOPs -- 2019 and 2022 have slightly different processing steps. Complexity metrics were estimated for each site within five or six 4m2 DEM sampling plots, which can then be averaged for the site. Rugosity is measured as the ratio between surface area and planar area within a sampling plot, Fractal dimension is measured using the variation or standard deviation method (see Lineage section below), and height range is measured as the difference between the deepest and shallowest point within a sampling plot. A stratified random sampling (StRS) design was employed to survey the coral reef ecosystems across the U.S. Pacific Regions (Hawaiian Archipelago, Mariana Archipelago, American Samoa, and the Pacific Remote Island Areas). The survey domain encompassed the majority of the mapped area of reef and hard bottom habitats in the 0-30 m depth range. The stratification scheme included island, sub-island sector, reef zone, and depth in all regions, as well as habitat structure type. Allocation of sampling effort was proportional to the strata hardbottom area. The StRS design effectively reduces estimated variance by sampling more sites with larger hardbottom area and variance. The National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) details a long-term approach to provide an ecosystem perspective via monitoring climate, fish, benthic, and socioeconomic variables in a consistent and integrated manner. The NCRMP coordinates various Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) biological, physical, and human dimensions activities into a cohesive NOAA-wide effort. Through the implementation of the NCRMP, NOAA is able to clearly and concisely communicate results of national-scale monitoring to national, state, and territorial policy makers, resource managers, and the public on a periodic basis. The purpose of the Structure from Motion (SfM) surveys throughout the U.S. Pacific is to efficiently and effectively collect benthic data. Estimates of habitat structural complexity will expand our understanding of how structure influences coral reef ecology, function, and services. Source imagery used are described and accessed separately at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/63095, also linked under 'Related Items'. https://github.com/jmadinlab/Asburyetal_2023 (GitHub URL updated 2023-04-18) Torres-Pulliza D, Oliver T, Weible R, Lichowski F, Kindinger T, Gajdzik L & Couch C (2025). Linking fish biomass and coral reefs structural complexity across the Mariana Archipelago (PIFSC Technical Memoranda Series, TM-PIFSC-180). Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. https://doi.org/10.25923/epgn-3x74 Schiettekatte N, Asbury M, Chen GK, Dornelas M, Reichert J, Torres-Pulliza D, Zawada KJA, Madin JS (2025). habtools: An R package to calculate 3D metrics for surfaces and objects. Methods Ecol Evol 16, 895-903. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70027 Torres-Pulliza D, Charendoff J, Couch C, Suka R, Gray A, Lichowski F, Amir C, Lamirand M, Asbury M, Winston M, Basden I, Oliver T (2024). Processing Coral Reef Imagery Using Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry: Standard Operating Procedures (2023 Update). https://doi.org/10.25923/CYDJ-Z260 Asbury M, Schiettekatte NMD, Couch CS, Oliver T, Burns JHR, Madin JS (2023). Geological age and environments shape reef habitat structure. Global Ecology and Biogeography 32, 1230–1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13691 Torres-Pulliza D, Dornelas MA, Pizarro O, Bewley M, Blowes SA, Boutros N, Brambilla V, Chase TJ, Frank G, Friedman A, Hoogenboom MA, Williams S, Zawada KJA, Madin JS (2020). A geometric basis for surface habitat complexity and biodiversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 1495-1501p. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1281-8 Suka R, Asbury M, Couch C, Gray A, Winston M, Oliver T (2019). Processing Photomosaic Imagery of Coral Reefs Using Structure-from-Motion Standard Operating Procedures. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-93, 54 p. https://doi.org/10.25923/h2q8-jv47 The NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) details a long term approach to provide an ecosystem perspective via monitoring climate, fish, benthic, and socioeconomic variables in a consistent and integrated manner. The NCRMP coordinates various NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) biological, physical, and human dimensions activities into a cohesive NOAA-wide effort. Through the implementation of the NCRMP, NOAA is able to clearly and concisely communicate results of national-scale monitoring to national, state, and territorial policy makers, resource managers, and the public on a periodic basis. NCRMP is a framework for conducting sustained observations of biological, climate, and socioeconomic indicators at 10 priority coral reefs across the U.S. and its territories. This integrated approach consolidates monitoring of coral reefs under a uniform method in the Pacific, Atlantic, Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico for the first time. NCRMP is funded by the CRCP and supported by NOAA Fisheries, NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), and many other partners. The PIFSC Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) at NOAA Fisheries is leading biological monitoring in the U.S. Pacific Islands Region. The biological component of NCRMP in the Pacific provides a triennial ecological characterization at a broad spatial scale of general reef condition for reef fishes, corals and benthic habitat (i.e., fish species composition/density/size, benthic cover, and coral density/size/condition). Innovative analysis techniques are then used to develop products that give fellow scientists, managers, decision makers and the public a better understanding of a region's resources and how they are changing over time. Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords DOC/NOAA/NMFS/PIFSC/ESD > Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords EARTH SCIENCE Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > ECOSYSTEMS > MARINE ECOSYSTEMS > REEF > CORAL REEF Theme ISO 19115 Topic Category biota Spatial Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN > AMERICAN SAMOA Spatial Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN > HAWAIIAN ISLANDS Spatial Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN > UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS Spatial Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN > MICRONESIA > GUAM Spatial Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords OCEAN > PACIFIC OCEAN > WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN > MICRONESIA > NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS Theme CRCP Project 31360 Theme CRCP Project 31525 Theme CRCP Project 743 Theme CRCP Project NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program Theme CRCP Project Pacific National Coral Reef Monitoring Program Theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Geographic Information > Digital Elevation Model Theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Map Images > Coral Mapping Theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Map Images > Topography Theme CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus Numeric Data Sets > Benthic Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Photographic Analysis Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Bathymetry/Seafloor Topography > Rugosity Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Coral Reef Ecology > Rugosity Theme CoRIS Theme Thesaurus EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Coral Theme NODC DATA TYPES THESAURUS CORAL - CENSUS Theme NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS photograph Theme NODC OBSERVATION TYPES THESAURUS derived products Theme NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS CORAL REEF STUDIES Theme NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS Coral Reef Conservation Program Theme NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS National Coral Reef Monitoring Program Theme NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division Theme Agisoft Theme American Samoa Theme CNMI Theme CRED Theme CREP Theme Complexity metrics Theme Coral Reef Ecosystem Division Theme Coral Reef Ecosystem Program Theme ESD Theme Ecosystem Sciences Division Theme Fractal dimension Theme Guam Theme Height range Theme Mariana Archipelago Theme PIFSC Theme Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Theme Pacific Remote Island Areas Theme Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program Theme Reef habitat complexity Theme Rugosity Theme SfM Theme Structure from Motion Theme digital elevation model Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Aguihan > Aguihan Island (Aguijan) (14N145E0006) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Asuncion Island > Asuncion Island (19N145E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Maug > Maug Island (20N145E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Northern Mariana Islands > Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) (18N146E0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Pagan > Pagan Island (18N145E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Rota > Rota Island ( Luta ) (14N145E0007) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Saipan > Saipan Island (15N145E0002) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Sarigan Island > Sarigan Island (16N145E0003) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > Northern Mariana Islands > Tinian > Tinian Island (14N145E0005) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Ofu Island (14S169W0013) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Olosega Island (14S169W0014) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Rose Atoll (14S168W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Swains Atoll (11S171W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Ta'u Island (14S169W0012) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Guam > Guam (13N144E0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Kauai Island (22N159W0001 Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Hawaii > Molokai Island (21N157W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > French Frigate Shoals (24N166W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Kure Atoll (28N178W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Lisianski Island (25N173W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Oahu (21N157W0003) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Honolulu > Pearl and Hermes Reef (27N176W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Kalawao > Kahoolawe Island (20N156W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Kauai > Niihau Island (21N160W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Lanai Island (20N156W0002 Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaii > Maui > Maui Island (20N156W0004 Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > Hawaiian Islands (21N157W0027) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Baker Island (00N176W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Howland Island (00S176W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Jarvis Island (00S160W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Johnston Atoll (16N169W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Kingman Reef (06N162W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Palmyra Atoll (05N162W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > USA Minor Outlying Islands > Wake Atoll (19N167E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Rose Atoll (14S168W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Swains Atoll (11S171W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Baker Island > Baker Island (00N176W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands (21N157W0027) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii > Hawaii (21N160W0000 Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Hawaii Island > Hawaii Island (19N155W0003 Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kahoolawe Island > Kahoolawe Island (20N156W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Kauai Island > Kauai Island (22N159W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Lanai Island > Lanai Island (20N156W0002) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Maui Island > Maui Island (20N156W0004) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Molokai Island > Molokai Island (21N157W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Niihau Island > Niihau Island (21N160W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands > Oahu Island > Oahu (21N157W0003) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Howland Island > Howland Island (00S176W0001 Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Johnston Atoll > Johnston Atoll (16N169W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Line Islands > Jarvis Island (00S160W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Line Islands > Kingman Reef (06N162W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Line Islands > Palmyra Atoll (05N162W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (28N178W0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands > French Frigate Shoals (24N166W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands > Kure Atoll (28N178W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands > Lisianski Island (25N173W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Northwestern Hawaiian Islands > Pearl and Hermes Reef (27N176W0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Wake Atoll > Wake Atoll (19N167E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Ofu Island (14S169W0013) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Olosega Island (14S169W0014) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Manu'a Group > Ta'u Island (14S169W0012) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Aguihan Island Reefs > Aguihan Island (Aguijan) (14N145E0006) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Asuncion Island > Asuncion Island (19N145E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Mariana Archipelago > Northern Mariana Islands ( CNMI ) (18N146E0000) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Maug Island > Maug Island (20N145E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Pagan Island > Pagan Island (18N145E0001) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Rota Island > Rota Island ( Luta ) (14N145E0007) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Saipan Island > Saipan Island (15N145E0002) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Sarigan Island > Sarigan Island (16N145E0003) Spatial CoRIS Place Thesaurus OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Western Pacific Ocean > Tinian Island Reefs > Tinian Island (14N145E0005) Spatial NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS Coastal Waters of Hawaii Spatial NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS: Central Pacific Ocean Spatial NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS: North Pacific Ocean Instrument NODC INSTRUMENT TYPES THESAURUS computer Platform NODC PLATFORM NAMES THESAURUS OSCAR ELTON SETTE Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Honolulu HI USA Data Set CSV Files As Needed This record will be updated as datasets continue to be derived from SfM models for other regions. In 2023, a dataset was generated for the Mariana Archipelago and appended to 2019 data from the Main Hawaiian Islands. Table (digital) Dataset includes metadata for each Structure from Motion (SfM) survey site (site information, survey date and location); site characteristics (depth, reef type, habitat); rugosity; height range; fractal dimension https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/68254 While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA Fisheries, ESD and funded by the NOAA CRCP 68254 SfM Structural Complexity Data Dictionary Published / External On Going Data Table Yes Data dictionary for SfM-derived structural complexity dataset 2019 and 2022 retain the same columns, wording was clarified in 2022. 1 OBS_YEAR NUMERIC No No Active 4-digit year the survey was conducted. 2 MISSION_ID TEXT No No Active Mission identifier. 3 REGION TEXT No No Active Code for the region surveyed in the Pacific Islands region: American Samoa, Pacific Remote Island Areas, Mariana Archipelago, main Hawaiian Islands, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 4 REGION_NAME TEXT No No Active The name of the region surveyed in the Pacific Islands region: American Samoa, Pacific Remote Island Areas, Mariana Archipelago, main Hawaiian Islands, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. 5 ISLAND TEXT No No Active Name of island or atoll surveyed in the Pacific Islands region. 6 SITE TEXT 150 No No Active The code for the site surveyed at the island or atoll (ISLAND). Combines a 3-letter island code (ISLANDCODE) with a 2-4 digit site number. 7 SITEVISITID NUMERIC No No Active Unique identifier created each time a SITE is surveyed on a DATE_. 8 REEF_ZONE TEXT No No Active The zone for the given SITE (Forereef, Backreef, Protected Slope, Lagoon). 9 DEPTH_BIN TEXT No No Active Classification of depth (shallow, mid, deep) based on midpoint between minimum and maximum depths of transect(s) of a given SITE. Shallow: >0-6 m, Mid: >6-18 m, Deep: >18-30 m 11 MAX_DEPTH_M NUMERIC No No Active Maximum SITE depth (m). m 12 DATE_ DATE No No Active Local date the survey was conducted. 13 HABITAT_CODE TEXT No No Active 3-letter code for habitat type (e.g. aggregate reef, reef rubble, pavement). 14 LATITUDE NUMERIC No No Active Latitude in decimal degrees, WGS84, for the given SITE. 15 LONGITUDE NUMERIC No No Active Longitude in decimal degrees, WGS84 for the given SITE. 16 RUGOSITY NUMERIC No No Active Rugosity (R) calculated as the ratio between surface area and planar area within each sampling crop. 17 FRACTAL_DIMENSION NUMERIC No No Active Fractal dimension (D) calculated using the standard deviation method within each sampling crop. 18 HEIGHT_RANGE NUMERIC No No Active Height range calculated as the distance between the deepest and shallowest point within each sampling crop. 19 DEM_DEPTH NUMERIC No No Active Depth (m) calculated within each sampling crop Data Set Credit 2022 Organization NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program CRCP 1305 East West Highway 10th Floor Silver Spring MD 20910-3281 (301) 713-3155 https://coralreef.noaa.gov Link to the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program website Online Resource Data Steward 2023 Person Torres-Pulliza, Damaris damaris.torres-pulliza@noaa.gov Data Steward 2022 2023 Person Asbury, Mollie mollie.asbury@noaa.gov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-6571 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA Distributor 2022 Organization NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information NCEI ncei.info@noaa.gov https://ror.org/04r0wrp59 https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/contact NCEI Contact Information Information for contacts at NCEI. Online Resource Metadata Contact 2022 Person Luers, Lori H lori.luers@noaa.gov 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA 808-725-5593 Originator 2022 Organization Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center PIFSC pifsc.info@noaa.gov https://ror.org/02apffz65 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA 808-725-5360 https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center homepage Online Resource 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Point of Contact 2022 Person Oliver, Thomas thomas.oliver@noaa.gov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0684-1287 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA (808)725-5444 Ground Condition -160.2518 -154.8042 22.20357 19.07632 Extent of imagery used to generate the 2019 structural complexity dataset, at sites across the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI), including Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Oahu, Molokai, Niihau, Kahoolawe, and Lanai during the 2019 MHI NCRMP mission (SE1902_MHI_Leg3). Range 2019-04-21 2019-08-06 Date range of structure-from-motion (SfM) imagery collected used to produce this structural complexity dataset during the 2019 NCRMP cruise to the Main Hawaiian Islands. 144.1498 146.840346 20.974233 12.75505 Extent of imagery used to generate SfM-derived complexity dataset, at sites across Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), together forming the Mariana Archipelago, during the 2022 Rainier Integrates Charting, Hydrography, and Reef Demographics (RICHARD) NCRMP mission (RA2201_Leg3-7). Range 2022-04-14 2022-08-09 Vessel: NOAA Ship Rainier Project Number: RA-22-01 Project Title: Rainier Integrates Charting, Hydrography, and Reef Demographics (RICHARD) Area of Operation: Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands Bounding coordinate for Pacific-wide dataset. 144.634585 -154.804172 28.457971 -14.559759 Bounding coordinates that include US Pacific Islands region. More specific geographic information is included for 2019 and 2022 in this metadata record. More recent data are captured in these coordinates. Continuing 2019-04-21 Structural complexity dataset will be updated as more data is collected, and starts in 2019 in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Unclassified Not applicable Not applicable NOAA Ecosystem Science Division (ESD) Data Sharing Recommendations, version 9.0 updated August 12, 2015: ESD welcomes the opportunity to collaborate on research issues contributing to the scientific basis for better management of marine ecosystems. ESD has a very diverse set of field activities that generates large volumes of data using an array of data collection protocols. The following recommendations are for your consideration as you use this data: 1) Data analyses should take all field exigencies into account. The most effective way to do this would be active collaboration with ESD principal investigators. 2) In all presentations, product releases, or publications using data generated by ESD, proper acknowledgement of both ESD and the individuals responsible for data collection is expected. Citing the DOI (if available) is preferred, a non-DOI example is listed below. 3) If you collect or generate data for the same study areas, ESD requests that you share relevant information on complimentary data collections. 4) Those receiving data are strongly urged to inform the ESD Data Management Team of any errors and discrepancies that are discovered during the course of using these data. They are further urged to bring to the attention of the Team all problems and difficulties encountered in using these data. This information is necessary in order to improve the collections and to facilitate more efficient and economical data processing and retrieval. The users are asked to supply copies of any missing data that may be located, and to provide information as to significant subsets and special aggregations of data that are developed in using the material provided. Example citation: "This publication makes use of data products provided by the Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with funding support from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP). The analysis and interpretations presented here are solely that of the current authors." Data can be accessed online via the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Ocean Archive. None Please cite NOAA Fisheries, Ecosystem Science Division (ESD) when using the data. Example: Ecosystem Science Division; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2022: Structure from Motion (SfM) Structural Complexity derived from Stratified Random Site (StRS) Imagery across the US Pacific since 2019, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/67851. None None https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0268310 2022 Organization NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://ror.org/04r0wrp59 ESD_SfM_StructuralComplex_MHI_2019.csv DEPRECATED- data is now under a singular Pacific-wide file as described. Structural complexity dataset generated by extracting data from digital elevation models developed from 1imagery collected at StRS across the Main Hawaiian Islands during the 2019 NCRMP mission. Data generated includes three metrics of habitat structural complexity (rugosity, fractal dimension, and height range) and also includes site information. csv (comma-separated values) CSV - Comma Separated Values (Text) https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0268310 2022 Organization NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://ror.org/04r0wrp59 ESD_SfM_StructuralComplexity_Pacific_2022.csv Coral reef structural complexity dataset generated by extracting metrics from digital elevation models developed from imagery collected during the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program surveys across the U.S. Pacific Islands regions. Data generated includes three metrics of habitat structural complexity (rugosity, fractal dimension, and height range) and also includes site-level information. This data file will be updated as more data is collected and derived for different Pacific Islands regions. Currently data includes: stratified random sites across Guam and CNMI during the 2022 NCRMP mission, as well as in 2019 in the Hawaiian archipelago. Currently data includes: stratified random sites surveyed as part of NCRMP across Guam and CNMI in 2022, as well as the Hawaiian archipelago in 2019. CSV - Comma Separated Values (Text) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1281-8 A geometric basis for surface habitat complexity and biodiversity Online Resource HTML This study presents a geometric basis for surface habitats that unifies ecosystems and spatial scales. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.70027 habtools: An R package to calculate 3D metrics for surfaces and objects Online Resource HTML habtools, an R package that provides R functions to efficiently calculate complexity and shape metrics from DEMs, 3D meshes and 2D shapes as well as some helper functions to facilitate workflow. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13691 Geological age and environments shape reef habitat structure Online Resource HTML Published 2022 results using structural complexity dataset from the Hawaiian islands. https://github.com/jmadinlab/Asburyetal_2023 GitHub Repository for R Scripts used in Structural Complexity Analysis Online Resource html 'GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SHAPE REEF HABITAT STRUCTURE IN THE MAIN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS' https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/60890 Processing Coral Reef Imagery Using Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry: Standard Operating Procedures (2023 Update) Online Resource HTML Published 2023 Standard Operating Procedures to collect and reconstruct Digital Elevation models and orthomosaics from coral reef photos using Structure from Motion photogrammetry methods. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/71123 Linking fish biomass and coral reefs structural complexity across the Mariana Archipelago Online Resource HTML Published technical memorandum using the 2022 structural complexity dataset from the Mariana Archipelago. https://www.coris.noaa.gov/monitoring/ National Coral Reef Monitoring Program Online Resource HTML NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) website. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/ecosystems/coral-reefs-pacific Coral Reefs in the Pacific Online Resource HTML NOAA Fisheries Webiste https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/pacific-islands#science NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Region - Science Overview Online Resource 2019 MHI: A GPS unit is used to record the location of each Structure from Motion (SfM) survey site. A Nikon SL2 DSLR digital camera in an Ikelite underwater housing was used to take photographs of each site. Coded markers 0.25-0.50 m long were used underwater to provide a scale for the mosaic imagery. Mosaic images were created and scaled using Agisoft Metashape (version 1.2.5 build 2735). All structural complexity metrics were extracted in R (Version 3.6.1). 2022 MARI: A GPS unit is used to record the location of each Structure from Motion (SfM) survey site. A Canon SL2/3 DSLR digital camera with a 18 mm camera lens and 6 in dome port in an Ikelite underwater housing was used to take photographs of each site. Three to four coded scale bars 0.25 m long were used underwater to provide scale to the 3D model reconstructions. Digital Elevation Models and orthomosaics were created using Agisoft Metashape Professional (version 2.0). All structural complexity metrics were extracted in R (Version 4.4.3). The data set derived from the imagery is only as good as the images themselves; Images with poor resolution, poor lighting, extraneous objects (fins, etc), or blur were excluded from analysis. Handheld GPS units were used to locate random sites and mark site locations. Prior to conducting surveys, the SfM image collector was trained to swim in a back-and-forth pattern to collect imagery with 60-80% overlap. Both classroom and field training were completed before any surveys were conducted. This training ensures that all SfM image collection was conducted consistently during the mission. The SfM models are processed to attain reprojection errors lower than 0.5 pixels, allowing confident estimations of habitat structural complexity from the resulting digital elevation model. Ground Sample Distance (GSD, resolution/pixel) for the produced 3D models was 0.014 - 0.034 cm/pix. Habitat structural complexity is estimated from all imaged NCRMP sites whose SfM-derived digital elevation models meet the accuracy and sampling criteria. The same method of estimation was used for all SfM imagery. Prior to generating the 3D dense point clouds and 2.5D digital elevation model , the JPEG imagery was evaluated for image quality and images deemed unsatisfactory (e.g. overexposed, images of blue water or images of divers, or images not taken perpendicular to the reef) were removed from the image set. Digital elevation models used in this analysis were extracted at 2mm resolution, which was within range of model accuracy listed above. During estimation of structural complexity in R Studio, scripts were controlled to place five or six 2 x 2m sampling plots on each belt transect by randomly pulling coordinates from a normal distribution and only boxes that were fully within the bounding area were used. Random sampling plots were continuously placed until the set number was achieved. Plots that were too thin for the 2 x 2m boxes were automatically removed. Data was secondly quality controlled in R and visually to ensure no data errors (e.g. missing values, erroneous values). Yes Unknown Yes No Unknown NCEI-MD Unknown NOAA IRC and NOAA Fisheries ITS resources and assets. The benthic SfM survey methodology, employed by the NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD), began in 2019. Benthic imagery is collected at stratified random sites and generated into image maps using Agisoft Metashape software. Resulting digital elevation models are used to estimate three habitat structural complexity metrics: rugosity, fractal dimension, and height range. Asbury M, Schiettekatte, NMD, Couch CS, Oliver T, Burns JHR, Madin JS (2023). Geological age and environments shape reef habitat structure. Global Ecology and Biogeography 32, 1230-1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13691 Person Mollie Asbury Originator 2023-04-28 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geb.13691 Global Ecology and Biogeography Asbury et al. (2023) detail methods used to extract complexity metrics from the 2019 MHI SfM belts. Burns J, Delparte D, Gates R, Takabayashi M. (2015). Integrating structure-from-motion photogrammetry with geospatial software as a novel technique for quantifying 3D ecological characteristics of coral reefs. PeerJ 3:e1077 Person John Burns Publisher 2015-07-07 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1077 PeerJ This study utilized SfM 3D reconstruction software tools to create textured mesh models of a reef at French Frigate Shoals, an atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The reconstructed orthophoto and digital elevation model were then integrated with geospatial software in order to quantify metrics pertaining to 3D complexity. The resulting data provided high-resolution physical properties of coral colonies that were then combined with live cover to accurately characterize the reef as a living structure. The 3D reconstruction of reef structure and complexity can be integrated with other physiological and ecological parameters in future research to develop reliable ecosystem models and improve capacity to monitor changes in the health and function of coral reef ecosystems. Suka R, Asbury M, Couch C, Gray A, Winston M, Oliver T. 2019. Processing Photomosaic Imagery of Coral Reefs Using Structure-from-Motion Standard Operating Procedures. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-93, 54 p. doi:10.25923/h2q8-jv47 Organization Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Originator 2019-12-30 https://doi.org/10.25923/h2q8-jv47 NOAA Institutional Repository NOAA technical memorandum NMFS PIFSC This document provides detailed procedures for collecting and processing imagery using Structure-from-Motion techniques developed by Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) in collaboration with Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of Hawaii at Hilo. These procedures are designed to efficiently generate coral demographic and benthic community metrics across the broad spatial scale of the Pacific Rapid Assessment and Monitoring Program. This pipeline consists of four key steps: (1) Image collection by SCUBA divers, (2) Data management, post-processing, and QC, (3) Generating 3-D models and 2-D orthophotos in Agisoft Metashape, and (4) Extracting demographic data in ArcMap. This SOP is the result of comprehensive testing of different camera systems, collection techniques, and software. While the following procedures are designed to meet ESD needs, we primarily use commercially available cameras and software, making these methods adaptable based on programmatic capacity and needs. Torres-Pulliza D, Charendoff J, Couch C, Suka R, Gray A, Lichowski F, Amir C, Lamirand M, Asbury M, Winston M, Basden I, Oliver T (2024). Processing Coral Reef Imagery Using Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry: Standard Operating Procedures (2023 Update). https://doi.org/10.25923/CYDJ-Z260 Organization Damaris Torres-Pulliza Originator https://doi.org/10.25923/cydj-z260 NOAA Institutional Repository NOAA technical memorandum NMFS PIFSC The objective of this SOP revision is to provide updates incorporated in 2022 to Suka et al. (2019), including: updated model building parameters in Agisoft Metashape; refined steps to reduce error in model geometry; standardized parameters to generate consistent SfM products; and updated methods to extract demographic metrics that migrate from ArcMap to ArcGIS Pro. Further, while this SOP focuses on belt transects, the procedures described here apply to building SfM models from photos collected using a variety of photogrammetric survey patterns or research applications beyond Rapid Ecological Assessments (REA). For example, ESD uses the same SfM pipeline to process photos collected following the spiral survey pattern over fixed sites to support monitoring impacts of coral bleaching events, extract benthic parameters to estimate reef carbonate budget, quantify reef 3D complexity, and assess temporal coral vital rates. Torres-Pulliza D, Dornelas MA, Pizarro O, Bewley M, Blowes SA, Boutros N, Brambilla V, Chase TJ, Frank G, Friedman A, Hoogenboom MO, Williams S, Zawada KJA, & Madin JS. (2020). A geometric basis for surface habitat complexity and biodiversity. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 1495-1501. Person Damaris Torres-Pulliza Originator 2020-08-24 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1281-8 Nature Ecology & Evolution This study presents a geometric basis for surface habitats that unifies ecosystems and spatial scales. The theory is framed by fundamental geometric constraints between three structure descriptors surface height, rugosity and fractal dimension and explains 98% of surface variation in a structurally complex test system: coral reefs. Torres-Pulliza D, Oliver T, Weible R, Lichowski F, Kindinger T, Gajdzik L, Couch C (2025). Linking fish biomass and coral reefs structural complexity across the Mariana Archipelago (PIFSC Technical Memoranda Series, TM-PIFSC-180). Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. Organization Damaris Torres-Pulliza Originator 2025-05-01 https://doi.org/10.25923/epgn-3x74 NOAA Institutional Repository NOAA technical memorandum NMFS PIFSC Torres-Pulliza et al. (2025) provides detailed procedures for complexity metrics extraction using the 2022 Mariana Archipelago SfM belts. 1 A stratified random sampling (StRS) design was employed to survey the coral reef ecosystems through the U.S. Pacific regions. The survey domain encompassed the majority of the mapped area of reef and hard bottom habitats. The stratification scheme included island, reef zone, and depth in all regions, as well as habitat structure type in the Main Hawaiian Islands. The habitat structure types included simple, complex, and coral-rich. Depth categories of shallow (0-6 m), mid (> 6-18m) and deep (>18-30 m) were also incorporated into the stratification scheme. Allocation of sampling effort was proportional to strata area and variance in coral density. Sites were randomly selected within each stratum. A geographic information system (GIS) and digital spatial databases of benthic habitats (NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science NCCOS), reef zones (IKONOS satellite imagery, NDGC 1998) bathymetry (NDGC 1998, CREP benthic mapping data), and marine reserve boundaries (NOAA) were used to facilitate spatial delineation of the sampling survey domain, strata, and sample units. Map resolution was such that the survey domain could be overlain by a grid using a GIS with individual cells of size 50 m by 50 m in area. A one-stage sampling scheme following Cochran (1977) was employed. Grid cells containing at least 10% hard-bottom reef habitats were designated as primary sample units (referred to as sites). Person Couch, Courtney S courtney.s.couch@noaa.gov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-8765 2 SfM benthic surveys were conducted by both the fish and benthic teams to record the benthic community composition. A 3 x 20 m plot was visually established centered on a transect line (at sites >18 m, a 3 x 13 m plot was visually established). 3-4 ground control points (GCPs) were placed within the plot for scale. White balance settings were adjusted in situ using a 15% gray card. JPEG images were collected using a Nikon SL2 or Canon SL3 digital camera in an underwater housing with a dome port. Images were collected at each site by swimming in a back-and-forth motion 1 m above the substrate capturing images continuously to achieve a 60-80% overlap. Person Torres-Pulliza, Damaris damaris.torres-pulliza@noaa.gov Torres-Pulliza D, Charendoff J, Couch C, Suka R, Gray A, Lichowski F, Amir C, Lamirand M, Asbury M, Winston M, Basden I, Oliver T (2024). Processing Coral Reef Imagery Using Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry: Standard Operating Procedures (2023 Update). https://doi.org/10.25923/CYDJ-Z260 3 Images for each site were evaluated for image quality and images deemed unsatisfactory (e.g. overexposed, images of blue water or images of divers, or images not taken perpendicular to the reef) were removed from the image set. Images with compromised color tones (i.e. no white balance, dark, over exposed, etc.) were corrected using Adobe Lightroom. Image adjustments were batch run per site for consistent correction. Once the images have been collected, quality checked, and organized, they are processed to digitally reconstruct the 3D geometry of a coral reef scene through SfM using Agisoft Metashape. First, the raw imagery was imported into Agisoft Metashape Professional software where images were aligned and used to build 3D dense point clouds (DPCs) following parameters described by Torres-Pulliza et al. (2023). Two digital elevation models (DEM) were generated for each survey site and exported at a 0.002m resolution, one with default interpolation methods and one with interpolation methods disabled. Default interpolation was desired to acquire a DEM with no holes and was the product used for structural complexity metrics extraction. To avoid areas where limited data was interpolated, a non-interpolated DEM was extracted for use of the accurate reconstruction boundary. No analysis was performed on the non-interpolated DEM, but was used as a guide to trim the interpolated DEM. The interpolated digital elevation models were used to quantify coral reef surface complexity through metrics such as Rugosity, Fractal dimension and height range, among others. Person Torres-Pulliza, Damaris damaris.torres-pulliza@noaa.gov Torres-Pulliza D, Oliver T, Weible R, Lichowski F, Kindinger T, Gajdzik L, Couch C (2025). Linking fish biomass and coral reefs structural complexity across the Mariana Archipelago (PIFSC Technical Memoranda Series, TM-PIFSC-180). Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. 4 In statistical software R v3.6.1, both digital elevation models (DEMs) were imported. Interpolated DEMs were clipped by the extent of the non-interpolated model to avoid inaccurate edges. Specifically, the non-interpolated DEM was aggregated with an aggregation factor of 100 to smooth the edges, and converted to a polygon. The resulting polygon was used to crop the interpolated DEM, thereby removing the distorted edges. Each belt was subsampled to more easily sample across belts that varied slightly in model straightness and width. Five or six 2 x 2m boxes were placed on each belt transect by randomly pulling coordinates from a normal distribution and only boxes that were fully within the bounding area were used (i.e., containing no NA values). Random boxes were continuously placed until five were achieved. Plots that were too thin for the 2 x 2m boxes were removed (14 sites). DEMs were spatially rectified to a known local reference system; however, the natural slope of some sites yielded inaccurate height range values (i.e., difference between maximum z and minimum z) when analyzing the subsetted sample box. To resolve this issue, tilt of sample boxes were corrected by updating the z values to reflect the residuals. Scripts modified from Torres-Pulliza et al. (2020) were used to calculate three structural complexity metrics: rugosity, height range, fractal dimension (variation method). The three metrics were extracted from each 2 x 2m box; Rugosity and height range were calculated at a resolution of 1 cm, while fractal dimension was calculated over a range of 1 cm to 2 m (thus over 2 orders of magnitude). Rugosity was calculated as the ratio between surface area and planar area. Height range was calculated as the difference between the deepest and shallowest point in the box. Fractal dimension was calculated using the variation method; each box was divided into squares with side lengths 2.00, 1.00, 0.64, 0.32, 0.16, 0.08, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 m and height ranges within each grid at each scale were calculated and averaged for that scale. The slope was calculated for each box by fitting a line to the log of side lengths versus the log of mean height and fractal dimension was calculated by 3 - slope. See Torres-Pulliza et al. (2025) for an alternative sampling strategy and data extraction in R. Person Asbury, Mollie mollie.asbury@noaa.gov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-6571 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA Asbury M, Schiettekatte, NMD, Couch CS, Oliver T, Burns JHR, Madin JS (2023). Geological age and environments shape reef habitat structure. Global Ecology and Biogeography 32, 1230-1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13691 Not Applicable Not Applicable 68254 Entity 63095 Data Set Cross Reference Source imagery used to develop digital elevation models which were used to extract structural complexity data gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:67851 Lori Luers 2022-09-08T00:56:07 SysAdmin InPortAdmin 2026-08-28T22:22:34 2025-12-18 Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center PIFSC 1845 Wasp Blvd. Honolulu HI 96818 USA 808-725-5300 https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. 1001 Public No No 2025-01-01 1 Year 2026-01-01