78501 Data Set Published / External 47021 NERRS Project Completed Unknown Unknown 2024-09 This project developed a shellfish biosensor monitoring system to complement existing long-term water quality monitoring and provide real-time feedback on estuary conditions. The Project Southern California’s estuaries can experience large swings in water quality due to events like freshwater inflow, sewage spills, and estuary mouth closures. The Tijuana River NERR (TRNERR) monitors several estuaries in San Diego County to better understand how biological communities respond to changes in water quality. While this biological monitoring produces detailed, high-quality data, the labor associated with this monitoring is significant and imposes limits on the frequency of monitoring. Regional partners, including the TRNERR and California State Parks among other intended users, expressed a need for improved monitoring techniques to detect when water quality conditions threaten the biotic community. Automated monitoring of biological communities could provide real-time feedback about biological response to changes in water quality while reducing the frequency of in-person monitoring. Through an iterative process with TRNERR and other users, this project team co-developed a biosensor monitoring system that uses shellfish (oysters and mussels) as biosentinels. Alongside state and local land managers and other wetland and aquaculture professionals, the team designed an open-source electronic sensor that attaches to shellfish and monitors gaping behavior and heart rate. These metrics that can be used as indicators of physiological stress in response to environmental changes. The team deployed shellfish outfitted with these sensors in three field locations in San Diego. The deployed shellfish provided a real-time data stream of gaping behavior and heart rate, associated with a variety of changing water quality conditions, including frequent salinity and oxygen fluctuations in Tijuana River Estuary and mouth closure events in Los Penasquitos Lagoon. Periods of low salinity associated with rainfall or possible sewage outflows in Tijuana River were accompanied by group closures of shells and lower heart rates, and similar patterns were observed for periods when dissolved oxygen was now. The project demonstrated the successful design and deployment of a low-cost, long-duration biosensor system. Ongoing refinement of this open-source hardware and software will help enhance monitoring capacity in Southern California and beyond, allowing for targeted deployments of biosentinels in the short term as well as their incorporation into routine long-term monitoring. The real time data stream provided by biosentinels will help managers adapt to changing conditions and inform locally relevant decision making for events that pose significant threats to wildlife and habitat like estuary mouth closure and sewage spills. The biosensor system also holds potential value to other coastal areas and sectors, for example, long-term biosentinel performance data can inform siting for aquaculture or living shoreline projects. The Impact Developed innovative hardware and software tools for an open source biosensor system that can be used and modified by other groups. Demonstrated the function of real-time data reporting of oyster and mussel behavior in three estuaries across San Diego County. Complemented existing water quality monitoring efforts and enhanced monitoring capacity at TRNERR. Project Lead Luke Miller, San Diego State University, luke.miller@sdsu.edu Collaborative Lead Kristen Goodrich, Tijuana River NERR, kgoodrich@trnerr.org Technical Lead Sarah Giddings, Scripps Institution of Oceanography UC San Diego, sgiddings@ucsd.edu Partners: San Diego Bay Aquaculture; Los Peñasquitos Lagoon Foundation; California State Parks; US Fish and Wildlife Service Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION > ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES > MOLLUSKS > BIVALVES > OYSTERS Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > MARINE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING Theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > WATER QUALITY Theme Bay mussel Theme Magallana gigas Theme Mytilus californianus Theme Pacific oyster Theme biosentinels Theme dissolved oxygen Theme heart rate Theme monitoring Theme oyster Theme shell opening Theme valve gape Theme water quality Theme water temperature Spatial Boca Rio Spatial Los Penasquitos Lagoon Spatial San Diego Bay Spatial Tijuana River Estuary Spatial Tijuana River, CA NERR Data Set As Needed The distributor does not assume liability. 78502 Published / External Other N/A Data Steward 2015 Organization Office for Coastal Management OCM https://ror.org/05v14bq57 2234 South Hobson Avenue Charleston SC 29405-2413 https://www.coast.noaa.gov/ Distributor 2015 Organization Office for Coastal Management OCM https://ror.org/05v14bq57 2234 South Hobson Avenue Charleston SC 29405-2413 https://www.coast.noaa.gov/ Metadata Contact 2017-10-31 Person Cothran, Jeremy jeremy.cothran@gmail.com Originator 2016-11 2019 Person Ralston, David dralston@whoi.edu Ground Condition -117.14 -117.09 32.577 32.532 Tijuana River, CA NERR Range 2021-10 2024-09 Unclassified None Cite this dataset when used as a source: NOAA retains the right to analyze, synthesize and publish summaries of the NERRS/NSC data. The NERRS/NSC retains the right to be fully credited for having collected and process the data. Following academic courtesy standards, the NERR site where the data were collected should be contacted and fully acknowledged in any subsequent publications in which any part of the data are used. The data enclosed within this package/transmission are only as accurate as the quality assurance and quality control procedures that are described in the associated metadata reporting statement allow. The user bears all responsibility for its subsequent use/misuse in any further analyses or comparisons. The Federal government does not assume liability to the Recipient or third persons, nor will the Federal government reimburse or indemnify the Recipient for its liability due to any losses resulting in any way from the use of this data. Requested citation format: NOAA National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) Science Collaborative(NSC). https://nerrssciencecollaborative.org/project/LMiller2021 2015 Organization Office for Coastal Management https://ror.org/05v14bq57 LMiller2021 Multiple formats https://nerrssciencecollaborative.org/project/LMiller2021 LMiller2021 Online Resource N/A This information is detailed within the project links. This information is detailed within the project links. N/A 1 N/A Organization Office for Coastal Management OCM https://ror.org/05v14bq57 2234 South Hobson Avenue Charleston SC 29405-2413 https://www.coast.noaa.gov/ 78502 Entity gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:78501 Jeremy Cothran 2025-11-03T18:16:40 SysAdmin InPortAdmin 2026-03-04T19:17:17 2025-11-03 Office for Coastal Management OCM 1002 Public No No 2019-11-08 3 Years 2022-11-08