gov.noaa.nmfs.inport:50521
eng
UTF8
dataset
Mixed
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
808-725-5300
1845 Wasp Blvd.
Honolulu
HI
96818
USA
http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Website
Website for this organization
information
8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
resourceProvider
DesRochers, Annette M
(808)725-5461
1845 Wasp Blvd.
Honolulu
HI
96818
annette.desrochers@noaa.gov
8 am - 5 pm
E-mail preferred
pointOfContact
2024-02-29T00:00:00
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata Part 2 Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO 19115-2:2009(E)
Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016
Reef Resilience Analysis - Tutuila
2018
publication
NOAA/NMFS/EDM
50521
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Full Metadata Record
View the complete metadata record on InPort for more information about this dataset.
information
NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program
(301) 713-3155
1305 East West Highway 10th Floor
Silver Spring
MD
20910-3281
https://coralreef.noaa.gov
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program Website
Link to the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program website
information
originator
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
808-725-5360
1845 Wasp Blvd.
Honolulu
HI
96818
pifsc.info@noaa.gov
https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Website
Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center homepage
information
8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
originator
http://www.coris.noaa.gov/monitoring/
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Citation URL
NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) website.
download
https://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/pacific_ramp.php
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Citation URL
NOAA PIFSC Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (RAMP) website.
download
Schumacher BD, Vargas-Ángel B and SF Heron. 2018. Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data. NOAA Special Publication. NMFS-PIFSC-SP-18-03, 15 pp.
https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/SP-PIFSC-18-003
Declines in the health of coral reef ecosystems lead scientists to search for factors that support reef resilience: the ability of reefs to resist environmental stress and recover when they have been impacted, and to maintain key ecosystem functions throughout. Scientists have identified eleven measurable factors that affect the resilience of coral reefs. Reef resilience factors include characteristics of the coral assemblage, populations of fish that live on the reef, land-based influences, and sea surface temperature variability. NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) used these factors to quantitatively assess the resilience potential of reefs around Tutuila and Aunu‘u Islands in American Samoa.
Locations of monitoring surveys conducted by ESD from 2010 to 2016 were used to designate study zones. The monitoring surveys provided data to evaluate biological/ecological resilience factors, and external data sources were used to inform physical and environmental factors not directly measured by ESD. Data for each metric was compiled, normalized, and averaged to produce a composite resilience score for each of zone. The primary resilience analysis includes all 11 metrics for 10 study zones around Tutuila and Aunu'u, excluding Taema Bank. The secondary resilience analysis includes the 8 metrics available for 11 study zones around Tutuila and Aunu'u, including Taema Bank.
The information provided with this analysis includes the individual datasets for the 11 metrics used in the analysis (data tables), the survey sites and study zones (data tables), and the resilience scores resulting from the analysis (data tables and maps).
Structural, ecological, and physical processes including, diversity, recruitment, herbivory, disease, and thermal tolerance have been identified as key elements contributing to reef resilience. This analysis, funded by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, integrates interdisciplinary data sets collected by NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division and its partners to operationalize reef resilience in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands. It is important to identify and understand these factors, so that management strategies can be tailored to maintaining or restoring coral communities to maximize their chances of survival in a changing climate. This analysis contributes to the local jurisdiction's capacity to meaningfully assess reef ecosystem condition in relation to a range of threats. A key aspect of the reef resilience framework is that it can empower local action to improve resilience of coral reefs because some drivers of resilience are heavily influenced by large-scale climatic forces, while others can be directly affected by local management.
Brett Schumacher, Coral Reef Researcher at NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD)
completed
Vargas-Angel, Bernardo
(808)725-5423
1845 Wasp Blvd.
Honolulu
HI
96818
bernardo.vargasangel@noaa.gov
E-mail preferred
pointOfContact
Schumacher, Brett D
(808)725-5405
1845 Wasp Blvd
Honolulu
HI
96818
brett.schumacher@noaa.gov
E-mail preferred
custodian
notPlanned
http://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0169632
Map of the resilience scores/ranks for 10 study zones around Tutuila, American Samoa, based on the 11 reef resilience factors.
Filename: Browse graphic_Map wo Taema.png
png
810
Reefs for the future: Identifying coral reef resilience in the US Pacific islands based on CRED coral reef monitoring data
theme
CRCP Project
Geographic Information > Ecological Characterization
theme
CoRIS Discovery Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Precipitation > Precipitation Amount
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algal Cover
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Fleshy Macroalgae
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Black Band Disease
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral biodiversity
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Photic Zone Corals
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Damage Assessment > Human physical
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census > Stationary
theme
CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Change
EARTH SCIENCE > Atmosphere > Atmospheric Phenomena > Global Warming
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Benthic Habitat
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Aquatic Habitat > Reef Habitat > Recovery
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Ecological Dynamics > Herbivory
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Bacteria
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Microbiota > Blue-green Algae
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Vegetation > Algae > Algae Cover
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Degree Heating Week (DHW)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Coral Diseases > Bleaching > Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Quadrat Monitoring
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect Monitoring > Belt Transect
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect Monitoring > Linear Transect (line)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Benthos Analysis > Transect monitoring
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > In Situ Biological
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Photographic Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Rapid Assessment Studies
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Reef Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Corals > Reef Monitoring and Assessment > Remote Sensing > Satellite (digital scans)
EARTH SCIENCE > Biosphere > Zoology > Quadrat Monitoring > Photograph Analysis
EARTH SCIENCE > Hydrosphere > Surface Water > Runoff
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs > Marine Protected Areas
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Assemblages
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fish Census
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Marine Biology > Fish > Fishing
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Sea Surface Temperature
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature
EARTH SCIENCE > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Water Temperature > Anomaly
theme
CoRIS Theme Thesaurus
CORAL REEF STUDIES
Coral Reef Conservation Program
National Coral Reef Monitoring Program
Pacific Reef and Assessment Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP)
theme
NODC PROJECT NAMES THESAURUS
US DOC; NOAA; NMFS; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Coral Reef Ecosystem Program
theme
NODC SUBMITTING INSTITUTION NAMES THESAURUS
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Aunu'u Island (14S170W0035)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Faga'alu (14S170W0005)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Fagamalo (14S170W0047)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Fagatele Bay (14S170W0002)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Pago Pago (14S170W0008)
COUNTRY/TERRITORY > United States of America > American Samoa > Tutuila Island > Vatia Bay (14S170W0028)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > American Samoa (14S170W0000)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > American Samoa > Tutuila Island (14S170W0016)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Pago Pago Harbor > Faga'alu (14S170W0005)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila > Aunu'u Island (14S170W0035)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Fagamalo (14S170W0047)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Fagatele Bay (14S170W0002)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Pago Pago (14S170W0008)
OCEAN BASIN > Pacific Ocean > Tutuila Island > Vatia Bay (14S170W0028)
place
CoRIS Place Thesaurus
South Pacific Ocean
place
NODC SEA AREA NAMES THESAURUS
CRED
CREP
Coral Reef Ecosystem Division
Coral Reef Ecosystem Program
ESD
Ecosystem Sciences Division
PIFSC
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
Resilience
theme
DOC/NOAA/NMFS/PIFSC > Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce
dataCentre
Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords
2017-04-24
publication
8.5
Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment
project
InPort
otherRestrictions
Cite As: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, [Date of Access]: Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data from 2010 to 2016 [Data Date Range], https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521.
NOAA provides no warranty, nor accepts any liability occurring from any incomplete, incorrect, or misleading data, or from any incorrect, incomplete, or misleading use of the data. It is the responsibility of the user to determine whether or not the data is suitable for the intended purpose.
otherRestrictions
Access Constraints: None
otherRestrictions
Use Constraints: Please cite NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) when using these data.
Example
Cite as: Schumacher, Brett; Ecosystem Sciences Division; Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (2018). Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data. NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/50521
otherRestrictions
Distribution Liability: While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for any damages caused by errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the failure of the data to function on a particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.
unclassified
Not applicable
Not applicable
Reefs for the future: Resilience of coral reefs in the main Hawaiian Islands
NOAA/NMFS/EDM
23147
crossReference
NOAA Data Management Plan (DMP)
NOAA/NMFS/EDM
50521
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inportserve/waf/noaa/nmfs/pifsc/dmp/pdf/50521.pdf
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
NOAA Data Management Plan (DMP)
NOAA Data Management Plan for this record on InPort.
information
crossReference
eng; US
biota
oceans
Data streams were compiled and analyzed by NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) researchers using MS Excel and Access 2010, Minitab, PRIMER version 6 with the Permanova+ add-on, and ArcMap 10.4.1.
Islands of Tutuila and Aunu'u, American Samoa
-170.92
-170.431
-14.45
-14.15
Islands of Tutuila and Aunu'u, American Samoa
Temporal coverage of Pathfinder v5.2 sea surface temperature data. | Currentness: Ground Condition
1985
2012
Temporal coverage of NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division survey data. | Currentness: Ground Condition
2010-02-17
2016-04-30
Base period used for mean rainfall | Currentness: Ground Condition
1917
2017
Reef resilience factors as described by McClanahan et al. (2012) include:
1. Pollution,
2. Sedimentation,
3. Herbivore biomass,
4. Macroalgae cover,
5. Coral diversity,
6. Coral recruitment,
7. Disease prevalence,
8. Bleaching resistance,
9. Physical impacts,
10. Fishing pressure, and
11. Sea surface temperature variability.
false
eng
false
Data View
Reef Resilience Scores - Field Descriptions
2018-01-05
publication
zip
Zip
National Centers for Environmental Information - Silver Spring, Maryland
(301) 713-3277
NOAA/NESDIS E/OC SSMC3, 4th Floor, 1351 East-West Highway
Silver Spring
MD
20910-3282
distributor
https://accession.nodc.noaa.gov/0169632
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Reef_Resilience_Tutuila.zip
The Reef Resilience data package includes data, figures and documentation compiled into a ZIP file.
DATA: the original data sources used in the analysis and the final data (resilience scores) resulting from the analysis. The data are provided as a series of CSV files. Refer to the documentation for a description of each file.
Figures: the final maps (3) and graphs (2) produced following the reef resilience analysis. The maps are provided as PNGs, and the graphs as JPGs.
Documentation: Annotated list of metrics and associated files for the Reef Resilience analysis data package for Tutuila and Aunu'u, American Samoa. The document, in PDF format, describes each data file included in the Reef Resilience data package.
download
dataset
Representativeness
The foundation of the analysis was in situ ecological survey data collected by NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division under the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP). These surveys were conducted around Tutuila based on a stratified random sampling protocol.
Accuracy
Prior to conducting surveys, researchers are trained to identify and estimate/measure size of fish and corals along with other ecological metrics. Both classroom and field training and tests must be completed for all researchers (experienced and inexperienced alike) before each round of surveys begins. This training ensures that ecological surveys are conducted consistently by all researchers within survey efforts and also across periodic survey efforts.
Bias
See description of training process in "Accuracy" section.
Comparability
This project integrated NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division (ESD) survey data with data from other, external projects. Because external projects were implemented for purposes different from ESD surveys, the spatial extent of ESD surveys does not always align with other study zones. We endeavored to group sites and delineate study zones to align to the greatest degree possible.
Completeness Report
Eleven metrics of reef resilience were identified in the McClanahan et al. 2012 paper. This project attempted to include all metrics in the analysis, but data to support three metrics (sedimenation, pollution and fishing pressure) were not available for Taema Bank. Therefore, a separate composite metric (Composite 8), was calculated for all zones so that resilience at Taema Bank could be evaluated.
Conceptual Consistency
Analysis is modeled after Maynard et al. 2012, "Coral reef resilience to climate change in Saipan, CNMI; field-based assessments and implications for vulnerability and future management." The current project utilized slightly different data streams in some cases (e.g. updated SST metrics), but the analysis followed the same overall procedures.
The principal analytical task of this project was to calculate eleven metrics of "reef resilience" as identified by McClanahan et al. (2012). These metrics account for various aspects of the coral reef ecosystem, and are derived from several data streams, as described in the process steps.
The first task was to identify and define zones of interest, hereafter known as study zones. Eleven study zones were delineated for the present project. Four of these zones reflect broad geographic regions (i.e. Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest) that have been used to organize ecological surveys conducted by the ESD under the National Coral Reef Monitoring Program based on broadly similar habitat and exposure to wave and weather conditions. Several smaller zones of interest were then identified that had been the subject of focused survey effort by the ESD during previous projects, providing geographically dense data to evaluate the resilience potential for each individual zone: Taema Bank had suffered severe impacts due to predation on corals by crown-of-thorns seastars; Aunu‘u East, Aunu‘u West, Fagamalo, and Fagatele are marine protected areas (MPAs); and Faga‘alu Bay and Vatia Bay were the subject of previous studies by ESD on impacts of land-based sources of pollution (LBSP) (Vargas-Ángel and Schumacher In Review).
Schumacher, Brett D
(808)725-5405
brett.schumacher@noaa.gov
processor
The basis of the pollution metric is a watershed health index based on analysis of the American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency (Tuitele 2016). We used ArcGIS to combine this information by merging watersheds associated with each georegion and calculating a weighted mean WHI by area.
The sedimentation metric is based on precipitation that falls on the watersheds associated with each georegion. A "precipitation index" was derived based on interpolated rainfall information from the NOAA National Weather Service (https://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/meta/na14_vol5_as_grid_metadata.xml). Rainfall was scaled by the coastline of each georegion.
The herbivore biomass metric was derived from data from NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) fish surveys. Mean herbivore biomass for each zone, as well as all subsequently described metrics based on data from REA surveys, were calculated based on a weighted average of reef area in three depth zones (0-6 meters, 6-18 meters, 18-30 meters).
The macroalgal cover metric was derived from analysis of digital images of the benthos (photoquadrats) from NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) fish and coral surveys.
Metrics for coral diversity, coral recruitment, physical impacts to coral, and disease prevalence were calculated from data gathered by NOAA Ecosystem Sciences Division Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) benthic surveys.
The bleaching resistance metric was calculated based on the percent corals of a given species found in georegions, scaled by their sensitivity to bleaching as determined by observations of corals during a bleaching event.
The fishing pressure metric was derived from multiple data sources. The proximity of human population was the primary driver. Census data was used to estimate mean population within 10 kilometers of reef in each georegion. No-take marine protected areas were assumed to not have fishing activity. Commericial fishing trips to a region were also used to create an index that was averaged with human population. These were scaled by reef area and averaged.
The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability metric was derived from Pathfinder v5.2 ~4 kilometer (1/24 degrees) daily SST data for the period 1985-2012, provided by the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) and the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center. The Pathfinder project was supported in part by a grant from the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) Program for satellites. Scott Heron created derived data sets based on these data under a NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) grant (Heron-786), and these derived data sets were used as the basis of the SST variability metric. Based on discussions with Heron, the number of significant thermal events (defined as a period where a reef area experienced 4 consecutive degree heating weeks) and the interannual variability (standard deviation) of the climactically warmest month were combined to calculate the SST variability metric. Additional information about thermal history products is available at the Coral Reef Watch website (http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/thermal_history/th_index.php).
Ayotte, P., K. McCoy, A. Heenan, I. Williams, and J. Zamzow. 2015. Coral reef ecosystem program standard operating procedures: data collection for rapid ecological assessment fish surveys. Pacific Islands Fish. Sci. Cent., Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96818-5007. Pacific Islands Fish. Sci. Cent. Admin. Rep. H-15-07, 33p. doi:10.7289/V5SN06ZT
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, PIFSC
https://doi.org/10.7289/v5sn06zt
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
NOAA Institutional Repository
Source Citation URL
information
originator
Heron SF, et al. "Warming Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World’s Coral Reefs 1985-2012." Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 38402.
2017-12-06
publication
Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/srep38402
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
Nature Scientific Reports
Source Citation URL
information
publisher
2016-12-06
Lozada-Misa P, Schumacher BD, Vargas-Angel B. 2017. Analysis of benthic survey images via CoralNet : a summary of standard operating procedures and guidelines. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, PIFSC Administrative Report, H-17-02, 169 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/AR-PIFSC-H-17-02.
2017-01-01
publication
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, PIFSC
https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/AR-PIFSC-H-17-02
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
NOAA Institutional Repository
Source Citation URL
information
originator
Maynard, J., S. McKagan, L. Raymundo, S. Johnson, G. Ahmadia, L. Johnston, P. Houk, G. Williams, M. Kendall, S. Heron, R. van Hooidonk, and E. McLeod. 2015. Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 22. 153pp.
2015-10-01
publication
CNMI Division of Environmental Quality
https://doi.org/10.7289/v5h41pfm
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
NOAA Institutional Repository
Source Citation URL
information
originator
McClanahan TR, Donner SD, Maynard JA, MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, et al. (2012) Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042884
2012-08-29
publication
PLoS ONE
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042884
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
PLOS ONE
Source Citation URL
information
publisher
Tuitele C, et al. TERRITORY OF AMERICAN SAMOA INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT REPORT 2016
2016-04-01
publication
American Samoa Watershed Management and Protection Program FY15 Annual Report. American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency
https://www.epa.as.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_notice/2016%20AS%20Integrated%20Report%20for%20Public%20Notice%202016%200410%20FINAL.pdf
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency
Source Citation URL
information
originator
Vargas-Angel, B., B.D. Schumacher. (2018). Baseline Surveys for Coral Reef Community Structure and Demographics in Vatia and Faga'alu Bay, American Samoa NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, PIFSC Special Publication, SP-18-002, 38 p.
2017-12-31
publication
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center
https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/SP-PIFSC-18-002
WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link
NOAA Institutional Repository
Source Citation URL
information
originator
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Access Constraints: None | Use Constraints: None