On the Dynamics of the Aerosol Plume in Common Bottlenose Dolphin Respiratory Events

This study examines the trajectories, size, and spatial distribution of aerosols during breathing events of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the National Aquarium in Baltimore. Accounting for the terminal velocity of small droplets, the trajectories are used for estimating the volumes and flow rates of the exhaled and inhaled air. Data area acquired by training two male and four female dolphins to breathe at the side of the pool within the field-of- view of a high-speed holography system. Droplet-tracking and size measurements are performed for twenty-six datasets involving normal, chuff, and post-exercise breaths, some repeated to assess repeatability. The exhaled liquid originates either from the respiratory system or from the water trapped above the blowhole. The 150-400 ms exhalations have multiple velocity peaks, with the maximum air speed occurring during the first peak for post-exercise breaths. The droplet concentrations and sizes peak at the time of maximum velocity and then gradually decrease. The exhaled liquid volumes vary from 0.1 to 16 mL, peaking for post-exercise breaths. About 0.5% of the exhaled aerosol travels 3-5 times faster than the surrounding air and droplets, presumably due to ejection from deep within the respiratory tract. A fraction of the airborne liquid (0.2-0.5 mL) is subsequently inhaled during the more than 600 ms long inhalation phase, characterized by low speeds and small (150-1000 ¼m) droplets. The exhaled and inhaled tidal volumes and air flow rates estimated from the trajectories are consistent with prior measurements of dolphins in the wild and other facilities

The present study aims to measure the water droplet production during exhalation and the resulting aspirated droplets and liquid volume during inhalation by bottlenose dolphins.

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The experiments were performed at the National Aquarium in Baltimore by training four female and two male bottlenose dolphins to swim just under the field-of-view of a high-speed holography system and offer, on cue, three different breath types: normal, chuff (forced exhale) and post-exercise.