Data Management Plan

No metadata record was provided with the data. This record is populated with information from the Quantum Spatial, Inc. technical report downloaded from the Washington Dept. of Natural Resources Washington Lidar Portal. The technical report is available for download from the link provided in the URL section of this metadata record.

In July 2018, Quantum Spatial (QSI) was contracted by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WADNR) to collect Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in the summer of 2018 for the Yakima Basin Wildfire Division site in Washington State. This project serves as an add-on to the previously delivered Yakima Basin D2 dataset, delivered on August 31, 2018, with seamlessly calibrated overlapping data existing between the two deliveries. The areas of interest include 319 square miles of WA DNR Wildfire lands and 20 square miles of lands owned and operated by the Yakama Nation. Data were collected to aid WADNR in assessing the topographic and geophysical properties of the study area to support emergency response and watershed management within the wildfire division of WADNR lands.

In addition to these lidar point data, the bare earth Digital Elevation Models (DEM) created from the lidar point data are also available. These data are available for custom download at the link provided in the URL section of this metadata record.

Lineage Statement:
The NOAA Office for Coastal Management (OCM) downloaded the LAZ files from the Washington Lidar Portal.

Process Steps:

• Planning: In preparation for data collection, QSI reviewed the project area and developed a specialized flight plan to ensure complete coverage of the contracted Yakima Basin Wildfire Division LiDAR study area at the target point density of ≥8.0 points/m2 (0.74 points/ft2). Acquisition parameters including orientation relative to terrain, flight altitude, pulse rate, scan angle, and ground speed were adapted to optimize flight paths and flight times while meeting all contract specifications. A data gap approximately 3 acres in size exists within the buffered boundary but outside the contracted boundary at the location of 121 degrees 4 minutes, 27.104 seconds W, 47 degrees 23 minutes 27.322 seconds N. This data gap within the buffer resulted from a reduction in the dynamic field of view to ensure a seamless and accurate dataset inside the contracted project area. Factors such as satellite constellation availability and weather windows must be considered during the planning stage. Any weather hazards or conditions affecting the flights were continuously monitored due to their potential impact on the daily success of airborne and ground operations. In addition, logistical considerations including private property access and potential air space restrictions were reviewed.
• Ground Survey Points Ground control surveys, including base stations and ground survey points (GSPs) were conducted to support the airborne acquisition. Ground control data were used to geospatially correct the aircraft positional coordinate data and to perform quality assurance checks on final LiDAR data. Ground survey points were collected using real time kinematic (RTK), post-processed kinematic (PPK), and fast-static (FS) survey techniques. A Trimble R7 base unit or the Washington State Reference Network broadcasted a kinematic correction to a roving Trimble R8 GNSS receiver. All GSP measurements were made during periods with a Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) of less than or equal to 3.0 with at least six satellites in view of the stationary and roving receivers. When collecting RTK and PPK data, the rover records data while stationary for five seconds, then calculates the pseudorange position using at least three one-second epochs. FS surveys record observations for up to fifteen minutes on each GSP in order to support longer baselines for post-processing. Relative errors for any GSP position must be less than 1.5 cm horizontal and 2.0 cm vertical in order to be accepted. GSPs were collected in areas where good satellite visibility was achieved on paved roads and other hard surfaces such as gravel or packed dirt roads. GSP measurements were not taken on highly reflective surfaces such as center line stripes or lane markings on roads due to the increased noise seen in the laser returns over these surfaces. GSPs were collected within as many flightlines as possible; however the distribution of GSPs depended on ground access constraints and monument locations and may not be equitably distributed throughout the study area. Base Stations Base stations were used for collection of ground survey points using real time kinematic (RTK), post processed kinematic (PPK), and fast static (FS) survey techniques. Base station locations were selected with consideration for satellite visibility, field crew safety, and optimal location for GSP coverage. QSI utilized four permanent base stations from the Washington State Reference Network (WSRN), and established two new temporary RTK monuments for the Yakima Basin Wildfire Division LiDAR project. New monumentation was set using 6 inch nails marked with a high visibility washer. QSI’s professional land surveyor, Evon Silvia (WAPLS#53957) oversaw and certified the ground survey network. QSI collected multiple static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) occupations (1 Hz recording frequency) for the base station locations. During post-processing, the static GNSS data were triangulated with nearby Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) using the Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) for precise positioning to ensure alignment with the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). Multiple independent sessions for each position were processed to confirm antenna height measurements and to refine position accuracy. Monuments were established according to the national standard for geodetic control networks, as specified in the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards for geodetic networks. This standard provides guidelines for classification of monument quality at the 95% confidence interval as a basis for comparing the quality of one control network to another. For the Yakima Basin Wildfire Division LiDAR project, the monument coordinates contributed no more than 2.8 cm of positional error to the geolocation of the final ground survey points and LiDAR, with 95% confidence.
• Airborne Survey The LiDAR survey was accomplished using Leica ALS80 and Optech Galaxy Prime laser systems mounted in a Cessna Caravan. The flight plan utilized in data acquisition can be visualized in Figure 2. Table 3 summarizes the settings used to yield an average pulse density of 8 pulses/m2 over the Yakima Basin Wildfire Division project area. The Optech laser system can record up to eight range measurements (returns) per pulse, whereas the Leica laser system can record unlimited range measurements per pulse. It is not uncommon for some types of surfaces (e.g., dense vegetation or water) to return fewer pulses to the LiDAR sensor than the laser originally emitted. The discrepancy between first return and overall delivered density will vary depending on terrain, land cover, and the prevalence of water bodies. All discernible laser returns were processed for the output dataset. All areas were surveyed with an opposing flight line side-lap of ≥50% (≥100% overlap) in order to reduce laser shadowing and increase surface laser painting. To accurately solve for laser point position (geographic coordinates x, y and z), the positional coordinates of the airborne sensor and the attitude of the aircraft were recorded continuously throughout the LiDAR data collection mission. Position of the aircraft was measured twice per second (2 Hz) by an onboard differential GPS unit, and aircraft attitude was measured 200 times per second (200 Hz) as pitch, roll and yaw (heading) from an onboard inertial measurement unit (IMU). To allow for post-processing correction and calibration, aircraft and sensor position and attitude data are indexed by GPS time.
• Upon completion of data acquisition, QSI processing staff initiated a suite of automated and manual techniques to process the data into the requested deliverables. Processing tasks included GPS control computations, smoothed best estimate trajectory (SBET) calculations, kinematic corrections, calculation of laser point position, sensor and data calibration for optimal relative and absolute accuracy, and LiDAR point classification. Processing methodologies were tailored for the landscape. Lidar Processing Steps Resolve kinematic corrections for aircraft position data using kinematic aircraft GPS and static ground GPS data. Develop a smoothed best estimate of trajectory (SBET) file that blends post-processed aircraft position with sensor head position and attitude recorded throughout the survey. Software used - POSPac v.8.2, Waypoint Inertial Explorer v.8.7 Calculate laser point position by associating SBET position to each laser point return time, scan angle, intensity, etc. Create raw laser point cloud data for the entire survey in *.las (ASPRS v. 1.4) format. Convert data to orthometric elevations by applying a geoid correction. Software used - Optech LMS v.4.2, Waypoint Inertial Explorer v.8.7 Leica CloudPro v. 1.2.4 Import raw laser points into manageable blocks to perform manual relative accuracy calibration and filter erroneous points. Classify ground points for individual flight lines. Software used - TerraScan v.18 Using ground classified points per each flight line, test the relative accuracy. Perform automated line-to-line calibrations for system attitude parameters (pitch, roll, heading), mirror flex (scale) and GPS/IMU drift. Calculate calibrations on ground classified points from paired flight lines and apply results to all points in a flight line. Use every flight line for relative accuracy calibration. Software used - TerraMatch v.18 Classify resulting data to ground and other client designated ASPRS classifications. Assess statistical absolute accuracy via direct comparisons of ground classified points to ground control survey data. Software used - TerraScan v.18, TerraModeler v.18
• 2022-07-13 00:00:00 - The NOAA Office for Coastal Management (OCM) downloaded this data set from the Washington Lidar Portal. The total number of files downloaded and processed was 872. No metadata record was provided with the data. This record is populated with information from the Quantum Spatial, Inc. technical report downloaded from the Washington Dept. of Natural Resources Washington Lidar Portal. The technical report is available for download from the Washington Lidar Portal. The link is provided in the URL section of this metadata record. The data were in Washington State Plane South (NAD83 HARN), US survey feet coordinates and NAVD88 (Geoid12B) elevations in feet. From the provided report, the data were classified as: 1 - Unclassified, 2 - Ground, 7 - Low Noise, 9 - Water, 17 - Bridge Deck. OCM noted that there are points that fall in Cle Elum Lake that are classified as ground. OCM processed all classifications of points to the Digital Coast Data Access Viewer (DAV). Classes available in the DAV are: 1, 2, 7, 9, 17. OCM performed the following processing on the data for Digital Coast storage and provisioning purposes: 1. An internal OCM script was run to check the number of points by classification and by flight ID and the gps and intensity ranges. 2. Internal OCM scripts were run on the laz files to convert from orthometric (NAVD88) elevations to ellipsoid elevations using the Geoid12B model, to convert from Washington State Plane South (NAD83 HARN), US survey feet coordinates to geographic coordinates, to convert from elevations in feet to meters, to filter out negative elevations less than -200 feet, to assign the geokeys, to sort the data by gps time and zip the data to database and to the Amazon s3 bucket.

QSI has high standards and adheres to best practices in all efforts. In the laboratory, quality checks are built in throughout processing steps, and automated methodology allows for rapid data processing. QSI's innovation and adaptive culture rises to technical challenges and the needs of clients like Washington DNR. Reporting and communication to our clients are prioritized through regular updates and meetings.

Data is available online for bulk and custom downloads.

Data is backed up to tape and to cloud storage.