2017 USFS Lidar DEM: Diamond Lake, OR

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Information on the NOAA Office for Coastal Management (OCM)

The Data Access Viewer (DAV) allows a user to search for and download elevation, imagery, and land cover data for the coastal U.S. and its territories. The data, hosted by the NOAA Office for Coastal Management, can be customized and requested for free download through a checkout interface. An email provides a link to the customized data, while the original data set is available through a link within the viewer.

This graphic displays the footprint for this lidar data set.

Link to data set report.

Aircraft and Sensor Information and Flight Plan Execution

Atlantic operated a Leica ALS70-HP lidar system on a Cessna (N732JE) for the project area. Atlantic acquired 247 passes of the AOI as a series of perpendicular and/or adjacent flight-lines executed in 6 flight missions conducted between July 7, 2017 and July 14, 2018. Onboard differential Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) unit(s) recorded sample aircraft positions at 2 hertz (Hz) or more frequency. Lidar data was only acquired when a minimum of six (6) satellites were in view.

Ground Control Survey

A total of 34 Non-vegetated Vertical Accuracy (NVA) points were collected in support of this project.

Point cloud data accuracy was tested against a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) constructed from lidar points in clear and open areas. A clear and open area can be characterized with respect to topographic and ground cover variation such that a minimum of five (5) times the Nominal Pulse Spacing (NPS) exists with less than 1/3 of the RMSEZ deviation from a low-slope plane. Slopes that exceed ten (10) percent were avoided.

Each land cover type representing ten (10) percent or more of the total project area were tested and reported with a VVA. In land cover categories other than dense urban areas, the tested points did not have obstructions forty-five (45) degrees above the horizon to ensure a satisfactory TIN surface. The VVA value is provided as a target. It is understood that in areas of dense vegetation, swamps, or extremely difficult terrain, this value may be exceeded.

The NVA value is a requirement that must be met, regardless of any allowed 'busts' in the VVA(s) for individual land cover types within the project. Checkpoints for each assessment (NVA and VVA) are required to be well-distributed throughout the land cover type, for the entire project area.

Lidar Point Cloud Generation

Atlantic used Leica software products to download the IPAS ABGNSS/IMU data and raw laser scan files from the airborne system. Waypoint Inertial Explorer is used to extract the raw IPAS ABGNSS/IMU data, which is further processed in combination with controlled base stations to provide the final Smoothed Best Estimate Trajectory (SBET) for each mission. The SBETs are combined with the raw laser scan files to export the LAS (*.las) formatted swath point clouds

Lidar Calibration

Using a combination of GeoCue, TerraScan and TerraMatch; overlapping swath point clouds are corrected for any orientation or linear deviations to obtain the best fit swath-to-swath calibration. Relative calibration was evaluated using advanced plane-matching analysis and parameter corrections derived. This process was repeated interactively until residual errors between overlapping swaths, across all project missions, was reduced to no more than 2cm. A final analysis of the calibrated lidar is preformed using a TerraMatch tie line report for an overall statistical model of the project area.

Upon completion of the data calibration, a complete set of elevation difference intensity rasters (dZ Orthos) are produced. A user-defined color ramp is applied depicting the offsets between overlapping swaths based on project specifications. The dZ orthos provide an opportunity to review the data calibration in a qualitative manner. Atlantic assigns green to all offset values that fall below the required RMSDz requirement of the project. A yellow color is assigned for offsets that fall between the RMSDz value and 1.5x of that value. Finally, red values are assigned to all values that fall beyond 1.5x of the RMSDz requirements of the project.

Lidar Classification

Multiple automated filtering routines are applied to the calibrated lidar point cloud identifying and extracting bare-earth and above ground features. GeoCue, TerraScan, and TerraModeler software was used for the initial batch processing, visual inspection and any manual editing of the lidar point clouds. Atlantic utilized collected breakline data to preform classification for classes 9 (Water) and 20 (Ignored Ground).

1 Processed, Unclassified

2 Ground

7 Low Point (Noise)

18 High Point (Noise)

Bare earth Digital Elevation Models (DTMs) were derived using the bare earth (ground) lidar points. All DEMs were created with a grid spacing of 1.0-meter. DTMs for this project were cut to match the tile index and its corresponding tile names and delivered in img format.

Data was received by NOAA Office for Coastal Management from the U.S. Forest Service in Imagine (*.img) format and projected to USFS Region 6 Albers (EPSG:9674) horizontally and NAVD88 (EPSG:5703) Geoid12b meters vertically. Data were converted to cloud optimized geotiff (*.tif) format for ingest in the Digital Coast Data Access Viewer.