Baseline Stranding Information
How we are using the information:
- Baseline for unusual mortality events
- Navy sonar incidents and future NRDA
- Evaluating stranding numbers as estimates of actual mortality
- Document behavior of live stranded animals
- Estimate mortality rates for different age classes
- Complete diagnostic tests for live stranded animals
- Conduct post-release monitoring of rehabilitated animals to evaluate the success of the rehabilitation process (this data is collected via the rehabilitation disposition form and continued research studies)
- Increase our understanding of the causes of morbidity and mortality in wild marine mammals
To learn more about the Network and our partners please visit our West Coast Marine Mammal Stranding Network page.
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Barbieri, Michelle M., et al. 2013. Spatial and temporal analysis of killer whale (Orcinus orca) strandings in the North Pacific Ocean and the benefits of a coordinated stranding response protocol. Marine Mammal Science 29.4: E448-E462 doi: 10.1111/mms.12044
- Bargu, S., Goldstein, T., Roberts, K., Li, C., Gulland, F. 2012. Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, domoic acid, and related California sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California. Marine Mammal Science. 28(2): 237-253.
- Bargu, S., Silver, M., Goldstein, T., Roberts, K. and Gulland, F. 2010. Complexity of domoic acid-related sea lion strandings in Monterey Bay, California: foraging patterns, climate events, and toxic blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series 418: 213-222.
- Bowen, L., Miles, A.K., Murray, M., Haulena, M., Tuttle, J., Van Bonn, W., Adams, L., Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B., Estes, J., Tinker, M.T., Keister, R., Stott, J.L. 2012. Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris); development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health. Molecular Ecology Resources. 12: 67-74.
- Caretta, J.V., Danil, K., Chivers, S.J., and Weller, D.W. 2016. Recovery rates of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates) carcasses estimated from stranding and survival rate data. Marine Mammal Science 32(1): 349-362. doi: 10.1111/mms.12264
- Cumeras, R., Cheung, W.H.K., Gulland, F., Goley, D., Davis, C.E. 2014. Chemical analysis of whale breath volatiles: A case study for non-invasive field health diagnostics of marine mammals. Metabolites. 2014(4): 790-806.
- Danil, K., Chivers, S. J., Henshaw, M. D., Thieleking, J. L., Daniels, R. and St. Leger, J. A. 2010. Cetacean strandings in San Diego County, California, USA: 1851–2008. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 11(2): 163–184.
- Dishman, D. L., D. A. Duffield, H. R. Huber, D. M. Lambourn. 2011. Genetic substructure of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) populations along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society Annual Meeting, Feb 9-11, Bend, OR. Annual Meeting of the Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology, Mar 22-25. Gig Harbor, WA. 2nd International Marine Conservation Congress, 14-18 May. Victoria, B.C. Canada.
- Duffield, D., D. D’Alessandro, K. Chandler, J. Hussa, T. Boothe. 2015. The Northern Oregon/Southern Washington marine mammal stranding program. West Coast Marine Mammal Stranding Network Regional Meeting. Mar. 24-25. San Pedro, CA.
- Duffield, D.A., Barros, N.B, D’Alessandro, D., Chandler, K., Hussa, J., Boothe, T., Rice, J.M. 2010. Challenges for the Northern Oregon/Southern Washington Marine Mammal Stranding Network. National Marine Animal Health and Stranding Network Conference. April 6-9. Shepherdstown, West Virginia.
- Flannery, M., Greig, D., Pemberton, S. 2018. Marine mammal stranding response along the West Coast: a collaborative approach to strandings on Snowy Plover beaches. Poster SCMMW and West Coast Regional Stranding Conference.
- Frankfurter, G., DeRango, E., Johnson, S. 2016. Use of acoustic transmitter-equipped remote sedation to aid in tracking and capture of entangled California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 52(3).
- Greig, D.J. , Gulland, F.M.D. , Rios, C.A. and Hall, A.J. 2010. Hematology and serum chemistry in stranded and wild-caught harbor seals in central California: reference intervals, predictors of survival, and parameters affecting blood variables. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 46: 1172-1184.
- Gulland, F.; Nutter, F.B.; Dixon, K/; Calambokidis, J.; Schorr, G.; Barlow, J.; Rowles, T.; Wilkin, S.; Spradlin, T.; Gage, L.; Mulsow, J.; Reichmuth, C.; Moore, M.; Smith, J.; Folkens, P.; Hanser, S.F.; Jang, S.; Baker, C. S. 2008. Health Assessment, Antibiotic Treatment, and Behavioral Responses to Herding Efforts of a Cow-Calf Pair of Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Sacramento River Delta, California. Aquatic Mammals 34:182-192.
- Gulland, F. M. D. and Hall, A. J. 2007. Is marine mammal health deteriorating? Trends in the global reporting of marine mammal disease. EcoHealth 4: 135-150.
- Hall, A.J., Gulland, F.M.D., Hammond, J.A., and Schwacke. 2010. Epidemiology, disease, and health assessment. In Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation: A handbook of techniques. Eds. I.L. Boyd, W.D. Bowen, and S.J. Iverson. New York, Oxford University Press: 144-164.
- Horning, M., Haulena, M., Tuomi, P.A., Mellish, J.E., Goertz, C.E., Woodie, K., Berngartt, R.K., Johnson, S., Shuert, C.R., Walker, K.A., Skinner, J.P., Boveng, P.L. 2017. Best practice recommendations for the use of fully implanted telemetry devices in pinnipeds. Animal Biotelemetry (2017) 5:13.
- Huggins, J.L., Oliver, J., Lambourn, D.M, Calambokidis, J., Diehl, B., and Jeffries, S. 2014. Dedicated beach surveys along the Central Washington coast reveal a high proportion of unreported marine mammal strandings. Marine Mammal Science doi: 10.1111/mms.12184.
- Huggins et al. 2010. Harbor porpoise stranding trends in Washington State. 2010. National Marine Mammal Stranding Conference, Shepardstown, WA. April 2010.
- Huggins, Jessica L.; Warlick, Amanda; Norman, Stephanie; Olson, Jennifer; Lambourn, Dyanna M.; Gaydos, Joe; and Calambokidis, John, "Changes in Strandings of Cetaceans in Puget Sound/Salish Sea" (2018). Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference. 591.
- Lambourn, D., D’Agnese, E., Jeffries, S., Wilkinson, K., Huggins, J., Rice, J., Duffield, D., Smith, W., Grigg, M., Raverty, S. 2015. Return of the Guadalupe fur seal to the Pacific Northwest: Stranding and sightings. 21st Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Dec. 13-18. San Francisco, CA.
- Lefebvre, K.A., Quakenbush, L., Frame, E., Burek Huntington, K., Sheffield, G., Stimmelmayr, R., Bryan, A., Kendrick, P., Ziel, H., Goldstein, T., Snyder, J.A., Gelatt, T., Gulland, F., Dickerson, B., Gill, V. 2016. Prevalence of algal toxins in Alaskan marine mammals foraging in a changing arctic and subarctic environment. Harmful Algae. 55(2016): 13- 24.
- Meyer, M.S., Rickert, S.S., Pearce, H.L., Khan, O.A., van Bonn, W., Johnson, S.P., Lahvis, G.P. 2017. Social interactions of stranded and recovering immature California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Aquatic Animals. 43(5): 517-529.
- Neely, B.A., Soper, J.S., Greig, D.J., Carlin, K.P., Favre, E.G., Gulland, F.M.D., Almeida, J.S., Janech, M.G. 2012. Serum profiling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool for domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions. Proteome Science. 10:18, doi: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-18.
- Norman, S.A., Huggins, J., Carpenter, T.E., Case, J.T., Lambourn, D.M., Rice, J., Calambokidis, J., Gaydon, J., Hanson, B., Duffield, D.A., et al. 2012. The application of GIS and spatiotemporal analyses to investigations of unusual marine mammal strandings and mortality events. Marine Mammal Science 28(3):E251-E266. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00507.x
- Norman, SA, A Kirkpatrick, T Neises, S Trumble, J Rice, J Huggins, D Lambourn, J Olson, V Souze, A Elsby, D Willoughby. 2017. Bone mineral density using Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry (DXA)-a potential new technique for aging stranded cetaceans. Abstract (Proceedings) 22nd Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Halifax, Nova Scotia, October 22-28, 2017.
- Pasi, C, J Calambokidis, J Huggins. 2017. Health status of stranded gray whales (Eschrictius robustus) in Washington State using multiple indicators. Abstract (Proceedings) 22nd Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Halifax, Nova Scotia, October 22-28, 2017.
- Raverty, S., Hanson, B., Norman, S., Calambokidis, J., Lambourn, D., Jeffries, S., Hall, A., Osborne, R., and Gaydos, J. 2005. An Overview of Small Cetacean Strandings in the Pacific Northwest, 1999-2004. Society for Marine Mammalogy Annual Meeting, December 2005.
- Raverty, S., Norman, S.A., Norberg, B., Barre, L., Gaydos, J.K., Ketten, D., Cramer, S., Fleetwood, M., McLellan, W.A., Pabst, A., Cox, T., Hanson, B., Jeffries, S., and Lambourn, D. 2005. Diagnostic Findings in Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Stranded in Washington State between 2 May and 2 June, 2003, Coincident with the Naval USS Shoup Sonar Deployment. 36th Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Seward, AK, May 2005.
- Raverty, S. A., Gaydos, J.K., Osborne, R., Nielsen, K.H., Nielsen, O., Ross, P.S., Lambourn, D.M., Jeffries, S.,and Cameron, C.E. Diagnostic Findings of Stranded and Live Captured Marine Mammals in the Pacific Northwest, 1999 to 2004. National Marine Mammal Stranding Conference, Lansdown, VA, April 2005 and Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Seward, AK, May 2005.
- Rice, James M., Duffield, Deborah A., D'Alessandro, Dalin. The Oregon Marine Mammal Stranding Network. Poster presentation given at the West Coast Marine Mammal Stranding Network Regional Meeting, San Pedro, CA March 24-25, 2015.
- Rice, J.M., Duffield, D.A., D’Alessandro, D. 2011. Dramatic increase in California sea lion strandings along the Oregon coast in both 2009 and 2010. 19thBiennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Nov. 27- Dec. 2. Tampa Bay, FL.
- Shuster, L, J Huggins, D Anderson, A Douglas, J Calambokidis. 2017. Common Dolphins in Washington State waters: An increase in sightings and strandings. Abstract (Proceedings) 22nd Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Halifax, Nova Scotia, October 22-28, 2017.
- Simeone, C. A., Gulland, F.M.D, Norris, T., Rowles, T.2015. A systematic review of changes in marine mammal health in North America, 1972-2012: The need for a novel integrated approach. PloS ONE 10(11): e0142105.
- Sternberg, M., Gaydos, J.K., Osborne, R.W., Logsdon, M., and Klinger, T. Using shoreline attributes to improve marine mammal stranding response in San Juan County, Washington. National Marine Mammal Stranding Conference, Lansdown, VA, April 2005
- Warlick, A.J., D.A. Duffield, D.M. Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, J.M. Rice, J.K. Gaydos, J.L. Huggins, J. Calambokidis, L.L. Lahner, J. Olson, E. D'Agnese, V. Souze, A. Elsby, S.A. Norman. 2018. Spatio-temporal characterization of pinniped strandings and human interaction cases in the Pacific Northwest, 1991-2016. Aquatic Mammals. DOI: 10.1578/AM.44.3.2018.299
- Wells, R.S., Fauquier, D.A., Gulland, F.M.D., Townsend, F.I., DiGiovanni, Jr., R.A. 2013. Evaluating postintervention survival of free-ranging odontocete cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science. 29(4): E463-E483
- Zagzebski, K.A., Gulland, F.M.D., Haulena, M., Lander, M.E., Greig, D.J. , Gage, L., Hanson, M.B., Yochem, P.K., Stewart, B.S. 2006. Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in central and northern California, 1977 to 2002. Aquatic Mammals 32(3): 334-345.
Anatomy/Physiology
How we are using the information:
- Advances in integrative anatomic findings
- Medical treatment
- Experience in rehabilitation.
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Aalderink M.T., H.P. Nguyen, P.H. Kass, B. Arzi, and F.J.M. Verstraete. 2015. Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 152 (4) 325-334; doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.02.002. Epub 2015 Mar 29
- Aalderink M.T., H.P. Nguyen, P.H. Kass, B. Arzi, and F.J.M. Verstraete. 2015. Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Eastern Pacific Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii). Journal of Comparative Pathology 152 (4) 335-344; doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.02.003. Epub 2015 Mar 29.
- Aldridge, B.M., Bowen, L., Smith, B.R., Antonelis, G.A., Gulland, F., and Stott, J.L. 2006. Paucity of class 1 MHC gene heterogeneity between individuals in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal population. Immunogenetics 58(2-3): 203-215.
- Arzi, B., J.N. Winer, P.H. Kass and F.J.M.Verstraete. 2013. Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Journal of Comparative Pathology 149 (4) 486–494; doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.03.009.
- Arzi B, D.M. Leale, N.L. Sinai, P.H. Kass, and F.J.M. Verstraete. 2015. The temporomandibular joint of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): Part 2 - osteoarthritic changes. Archives of Oral Biology 60 (1) 216-222; doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.005. Epub 2014 Oct 8.
- Arzi B, M.K. Murphy, D. M. Leale, N. Vapniarsky-Arzi, and F.J.M. Verstraete. 2015. The temporomandibular joint of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): Part 1 – Characterization in health and disease. Archives of Oral Biology 60 (1) 208-215; doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.004. Epub 2014 Oct 6.
- Barbosa, L., Johnson, S.P., Papich, M.G., Gulland, F. 2015. Pharmacokinetics of a single-dose orally administered ciprofloxacin in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 46(2): 266-272.
- Beaulieu-McCoy, N.E., Sherman, K.K., Trego, M.L., Crocker, D.E., Kellar, N.M., 2017. Initial validation of blubber cortisol and progesterone as indicators of stress response and maturity in an otariid; the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 252, 1-11.
- Bishop, Greg T., Joseph K. Gaydos, Amy Traxler and Stephen Raverty. 2012. A retrospective investigation of pathologic findings in Pacific Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi) Stranded in San Juan County, Washington. Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Atlanta, GA, May 2012.
- Boessenecker, R.W. 2010. New Records of the Fur Seal Callorhinus (Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene Rio Dell Formation of Northern California and Comments on Otariid Dental Evolution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (2) 454-467; doi: 10.1080/02724634.2011.550362
- Boonstra, J.L., Barbosa, L., Van Bonn, W.G., Johnson, S.P., Gulland, F.M.D., Cox, S.K., Martin- Jimenez, T. 2015. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride and its metabolite O- Desmethyltramadol following a single, orally administered dose in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 46(3): 476-481.
- Buchholtz, E.A. 2007. Modular evolution of the cetacean vertebral column. Evolution & Development 9 (3) 278289; doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00160.x
- Buckmaster, P.S., Wen, X., Toyoda, I., Gulland, F.M.D., Van Bonn, W. 2014. Hippocampal neuropathology of domoic acid-induced epilepsy in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Neurology. 522:1691-1706.
- Cartwright R, Newton C, West KM, Rice J, Niemeyer M, Burek K, et al. 2016. Tracking the Development of Muscular Myoglobin Stores in Mysticete Calves. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0145893. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145893.
- Chivers, S. J., Perryman, W.L., Lynn, M.S., Gerrodette, T., Archer, F.I., Danil, K., Berman-Kowalewski, M. and Dines, J.P. 2015. Comparison of reproductive parameters for populations of eastern North Pacific common dolphins: Delphinus capensis and D. delphis. Marine Mammal Science 32 (1): 57-85 doi: 10.1111/mms.12244
- Chivers, S.J., Hanson, B., Laake, J., Gearin, P., Muto, M.M., Calambokidis, J., Duffield, D., McGuire, T., Hodder, J., Greig, D., Wheeler, E., Harvey, J., Robertson, K.M., and Hancock, B. 2007. Additional genetic evidence for population structure of Phocoena phocoena off the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. NMFS- SWFSC Administrative Report LJ-07-08: 16.
- Colegrove, K.M., Gulland, F.M.D., Naydan, D.K., Lowenstine, L.J. 2009. The normal genital tract of the female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus): cyclic changes in histomorphology and hormone receptor distribution. The Anatomical Record. 292: 1801- 1817.
- Cook, P.F., Reichmuth, C., Rouse, A.A., Libby, L.A., Dennison, S.E., Carmichael, O.T., Kruse Elliott, K.T., Bloom, J., Singh, B., Fravel, V.A., Barbosa, L., Stuppino, J.J., Van Bonn, W.G., Gulland, F.M.D., Ranganath, C. 2015.Algal toxin impairs sea lion memory and hippocampal connectivity, with implications for strandings. Science. 350(6267): 1545- 1547.
- Cook, P.F., Berns, G.S., Colegrove, K., Johnson, S., Gulland, F. 2017. Post-mortem DTI reveals altered hippocampal connectivity in wild California sea lions. The Journal of Comparative Neurology Research in Systems Neuroscience. doi: 10.1002/cne.24317.
- Cranford, T.W., 2011. Biosonar sources in odontocetes: considering structure and function. Journal of Experimental Biology 214, 1403–1404; doi: 10.1242/jeb.053660
- Cranford, T. W., McKenna, M. F., Soldevilla, M. S., Wiggins, S. M., Goldbogen, J. A., Shadwick, R. E., Krysl, P., St. Leger, J. A., and Hildebrand, J. A. 2008. Anatomic geometry of sound transmission and reception in Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris).The Anatomical Record. 291(4), 353-378. doi: 10.1002/ar.20652
- Dailey, R.E., Fontaine, C. M., Avery, J. P. 2016. Endocrine response to realimentation in young northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris): Indications for development of fasting adaptation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 235(2016): 130-135.
- Danil, K., Dennison, S., Wurster, E., Garner, M.M., Lulich, J., Leger, J.S., 2019. Renal and vaginal calculi in a free-ranging long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis. Dis Aquat Org 136(3), 265-271.
- Danil K, Leger JAS, Dennison S, Quirós YBd, Scadeng M, Nilson E, Beaulieu N. 2014 Clostridium perfringens septicemia in a long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis: an etiology of gas bubble accumulation in cetaceans. Dis Aquat Org 111:183-190. doi: 10.3354/dao02783
- De Maio, L., Cook, P., Reichmuth, C., and Gulland, F.M.G. 2016. The Evaluation of Olfaction in Stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and its Relevance to Domoic Acid Toxicosis. In Review National Marine Animal Stranding Conference, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, Sept 5-9th 2016. 19th Biennial Society of Marine Mammalogy Conference Tampa, Florida November 26-December 2, 2011.
- Dennison, S.E., Boor, M., Fauquier, D., Van Bonn, W., Greig, D.J. and Gulland, F.M.D. 2011. Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus patency in neonatal harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups in rehabilitation. Aquatic Mammals 37(2): 161-166.
- Dennison, S.E., Van Bonn, W., Boor, M., Adams, J., Pussini, N., Spraker, T. and Gulland, F.M.D. 2011. Antemortem diagnosis of a ventricular septal defect in a California sea lion Zalophus californianus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 94: 83-88.
- Dennison, S.E., Gulland, F.M.D., and Braselton, W.E. 2010. Standardized protocols for plasma clearance of iohexol are not appropriate for determination of glomerular filtration rates in anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4:144-147
- Dennison, S.E., Forrest, L., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2009. Normal thoracic radiographic anatomy of immature California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and immature northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Aquatic Mammals. 35 (1): 36-42.
- Dennison, S., Haulena, M., Williams, C., D., John, Yandell, B. S., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2008. Determination of a sedative protocol for use in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing electroencephalographic examination. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 39(4):542-547.
- Dennison, S. E., and Schwarz, T. 2008. Computed tomographic imaging of the normal immature California sea lion head (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 49(6): 557-563.
- Dennison, S., Gulland, F., Haulena, M., De Morais, H., and Colegrove, K. 2007. Urate nephrolithiasis in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38(1): 114-120.
- Dunkin, R., McLellan, W.A, Blum, J.E., Pabst, D.A., 2010. The Buoyancy of the Integument of Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (T. truncatus): Effects of growth, reproduction and nutritional state. Marine Mammal Science 26(3) pgs 572-587. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00353.x
- Dunkin, R., McLellan, W.A., Blum, J.E., Pabst, D.A. 2005. Ontogenetic Changes in the Thermal Properties of Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (T. truncatus) Blubber. Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (8), pgs 1469-1480. Cover Article. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01559
- Fahlman, A., Loring, S. H., Johnson, S.P., Haulena, M., Trites, A.W., Fravel, V.A., Van Bonn, W.G. 2014.Inflation and deflation pressure-volume loops in anesthetized pinnipeds confirms compliant chest and lungs. Frontiers in Physiology. 5(433).
- Fauquier, D.A., Mazet, J.A.K., Gulland, F.M.D., Spraker, T.R., and Christopher, M.M. 2008. Distribution of tissue enzymes in three species of pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 39(1): 1-5.
- Freeman, K.S., Thomasy, S.M., Stanley, S.D., Van Bonn, W., Gulland, F., Friedlaender, A.S., Maggs, D.J. 2013. Population pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in the tears and plasma of elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following oral drug administration. JAVMA. 243(8): 1-9.
- Gaydos, J. K., D. Lambourn, F. M. D. Gulland, W. Van Bonn, A. Traxler and S. Raverty. 2012. Urolithiasis in free-ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). International Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association, Lyon, France, July 2012 and Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Atlanta, GA, May 2012
- Gaydos, J. K., A. Traxler, S. Jeffries and S. Raverty. Emaciation/Malnutrition Syndrome in Stranded Harbor Seal Pups from San Juan County, Washington. 2009 International Conference of the Wildlife Disease Association, Blaine, WA, August 2009.
- Gill, S., Goldstein, T., Situ, D., Zabka, T.S., Gulland, F.M.D., and Mueller, R.W. 2010. Cloning and characterization of glutamate receptors in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Marine Drugs 8(5):1637-1649.
- Granger, A. 2017. Tooth wear in free ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca); a function of ecotype, age, and diet. MSc Thesis Wildlife Biology and Conservation, Edinburgh Napier University. 34 p.
- Greene, R., Van Bonn, W.G., Dennison, S.E., Greig, D.J., Gulland, F.M.D. 2015. Laparoscopic gastropexy for correction of a hiatal hernia in a Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 46(2): 414- 416.
- Green, J.A., Haulena, M., Boyd, I.L., Calkins, D., Gulland, F. Woakes, A.J. & Butler, P.J. 2009. Trial implantation of heart rate data loggers in pinnipeds. Journal of Wildlife Management. 73: 115-121.
- Greig, D.J., Mashburn, K.L., Rutishauser, M., Gulland, F.M.D., Williams, T.M., and Atkinson, S. 2007. Seasonal changes in circulating progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Mammalogy 88(1): 67-72.
- Groner, M., Breyta, R., Dobson, A., Friedman, C. S., Froelich, B., Garren, M., Gulland, F., Maynard, J., Weil, E., & Harvell, D. 2015. Emergency response for marine diseases. Science, 347(6227): 1210.
- Gulland, F.M.D., Hall, A.J., Greig, D.J., Frame, E.R., Colegrove, K.M., Booth, R.K.N., Wasser, S.K., Scott-Moncrieff, J.C.R. 2012. Evaluation of circulating eosinophil count and adrenal gland function in California sea lions naturally exposed to domoic acid. JAVMA. 241(7): 943-949.
- Gutierrez, J., Simeone, C., Gulland, F., Johnson, S. 2016.Development of retrobulbar and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 47(1): 236-243.
- Horning, M., Haulena, M., Toumi, P. A., and Mellish, J.E. 2008. Intraperitoneal implantation of life-long telemetry transmitters in otariids. BMC Veterinary Research. 4:51
- Johnston, C., DeMere, T. A., Berta, A., Yonas, J. and St. Leger, J. 2010. Observations on the musculoskeletal anatomy of the head of a neonate gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Marine Mammal Science. 26(1) 186-194. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00305.x
- Kellar, Nicholas M., Catelani, Krista N., Robbins, Michelle N., Trego, Marisa L., Allen, Camryn D., Danil, Kerri and Chivers, Susan J. 2015. Blubber Cortisol: A Potential Tool for Assessing Stress Response in Free-Ranging Dolphins without Effects due to Sampling. PloS one 10, no. 2:e0115257. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115257
- Kellar, N.M., Trego, M.L., Marks, C.I., Chivers, S.J., Danil, K. and Archer, F.I. 2009. Blubber testosterone: A potential marker of male reproductive status in short- beaked common dolphins. Marine Mammal Science 25(3):507-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00291.x
- Lauer A, Palmer L, Kloock C, Liwanag HEM, Norris T, McDonald B, Mejia Munoz J, Mulcahy C, Hannah S, and Johnson S. Survey for Coccidioides Antibodies in Blood Sera from California Sea Lions and Northern Fur Seals that Stranded Along the Coast of California (2013-2015). Western Wildlife 6:69-81 2019
- Law, C.J., V. Venkatram, and R.S. Mehta. 2016. Sexual dimorphism in craniomandibular morphology of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Journal of Mammalogy, 8 September 2016 [Epub ahead of print]; doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw148
- Law, C.J., V. B. Baliga, M.T. Tinker and R.S. Mehta. 2017. Asynchrony in craniomandibular development and growth in Enhydra lutris nereis (Carnivora: Mustelidae): are southern sea otters born to bite? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 121 (2), 420-438; doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw050
- Lefebvre, K.A., Frame, E.R., Gulland, F., Hansen, J.D., Kendrick, P.S., Beyer, R.P., Bammler, T.K., Farin, F.M., Hiolski, E.M., Smith, D.R., Marcinek, D.J. 2012. A novel antibody- based biomarker for chronic algal toxin exposure and sub-acute neurotoxicity. PLoS ONE. 7(5): e36213.
- Levin, M., Joshi,D. Draghi A., Gulland, F. M., Jessup, D., and De Guise, S. 2010. Immunomodulatory effects upon in vivo exposure of California sea lion and southern sea otter peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46:541- 550.
- Lian, M., Johnson, S, Gelatt, T., O’Hara, T., Beckman, K.B., Rea, L.D. 2018. Field anesthesia of juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) using inhalation anesthesia. Marine Mammal Science 34(1): 125-135.
- MacLean, R.A., Imai, D., Dold, C., Haulena, M, and Gulland, F.M.D. 2008. Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate aplasia in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(22): 499-504. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.499
- Madl, J.E., Duncan, C.G., Stanhill, J.E., Tai, P.Y., Spraker, T.R., Gulland, F.M. 2013. Oxidative stress and redistribution of glutamine synthetase in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis. J. Comp. Path.
- McDonald M, N. Vapniarsky-Arzi, F.J.M. Verstraete, C. Staszyk, D.M. Leale, K.D. Woolard, and B. Arzi. 2015. Characterization of the temporomandibular joint of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus). Archives of Oral Biology 60 (4) 582-592; doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.01.005
- McKenna, M. F., J. A. Goldbogen, J. St. Leger; J. A. Hildebrand, and T. W. Cranford. 2007. Evaluation of postmortem changes in tissue structure in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Anatomical Record: Advances In Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 290(8):1023-1032. doi: 10.1002/ar.20565
- Meegan, J., Collard, W.T., Grover, G.S., Pussini, N., Van Bonn, W.G., Gulland, F.M.D. 2013. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (exceed sterile suspension®) administered via intramuscular injection in wild California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 44(3): 714-720.
- Mladineo, I.; Hrabar, J.; Smodlaka, H.; Palmer, L.; Sakamaki, K.; Keklikoglou, K.; Katharios, P. Functional Ultrastructure of the Excretory Gland Cell in Zoonotic Anisakids (Anisakidae, Nematoda). Cells 2019, 8, 1451
- Molter, C.M., Barbosa, L., Johnson, S., Knych, H.K., Chinnadurai, S.K., Wack, R.F. 2015. Pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous dose of sustained release buprenorphine in Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 46(1): 52-61.
- Montie, E.W., Wheeler, E., Pussini, N., Battey, T.W.K., Van Bon, W., and Gulland, F. 2012. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals that brain atrophy is more severe in older California sea lions with domoic acid toxicosis. Harmful Algae, 10.1016/j.hal.2012.07.004.
- Montie, E.W., Wheeler, E., Pussini, N., Battey, T.W.K., Barakos, J., Dennison, S., Colegrove, K. and Gulland, F. 2010. Magnetic resonance imaging quality and volumes of brain structures from live and postmortem imaging of California sea lions with clinical signs of domoic acid toxicosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 91(3): 243-256.
- Montie, E.W., Pussini, N., Schneider, G.E., Battey, T.W.K., Dennison, S., Barakos, J. and Gulland, F.M.D. 2009. Neuroanatomy and volumes of brain structures of a live California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) from magnetic resonance images. The Anatomical Record. 292:1523-1547.
- Mulsow, J., Reichmuth, C., Gulland, F., Rosen, D.A.S., and Finneran, J.J. 2011. Aerial audiograms of several California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) measured using single and multiple simultaneous auditory steady- state response methods. Journal of Experimental Biology 214(7):1138-1147.
- Neely, B.A., Ferrante, J.A., Chaves, J.M., Soper, J.L., Almeida, J.S., Arthur, J.M.., Gulland, F.M.D., Janech, M.G. 2015. Proteomic analysis of plasma from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) reveals apolipoprotein E as a candidate biomarker of chronic domoic acid toxicosis. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0123295.
- Neely, B. A., Soper, J. L., Gulland, F., Bell, P. D., Kindy, M., Arthur, J. M., & Janech, M. G. 2015. Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with domoic acid toxicosis identifies proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Proteomics. 2015, 15, 4051–4063.
- Nollens HH, Haney NJ, Stacy IN and Robeck TR. Effects of sex, age and season on the variation of blood analytes in a clinically healthy ex-situ population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.). Veterinary Quarterly doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1845415
- Norman, S. A., M. B. Hanson, C. Emmons, J. Huggins, J. Calambokidis, D. Lambourn, S. J. Jeffries, P. Cottrell, A. Greene, S. Raverty, S. Berta, S. Dupbernell, M. Klope, J. K. Olson, M. Carrasco, V. Souze, A. Elsby, C. McLean, B. Carlson, and J. K. Gaydos. Conception, fetal growth, and calving seasonality of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Salish Sea waters of Washington State, USA and southern British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 96(6): 566-575.
- Norman, S., Flynn, K.R., Zerbini, A.N., Gulland, F.MD., Moore, M.J., Raverty, S., Rotstein, D.S., Mate, B.R., Hayslip, C., Gendron, D., Sears, Richard, S., Douglas A. B., & Calambokidis, J. (2017) Assessment of wound healing of tagged gray (Eschrichitus robustus) and blue (Balaenoptera musculus) whales in the eastern North Pacific using long-term series of photographs. Marine Mammal Science 34(1): 27-53. doi: 10.1111/mms.12443
- Noren, S. R, Noren, D.P, and Gaydos, J.K., 2014. Living in the Fast Lane: Rapid development of the locomotor muscle in immature harbor porpoises (Phocoeana phocoena). Journal of Comparative Physiology – B. DOI 10.1007/s00360-014-0854-8
- Nuckton, T. J., Simeone, C. A., Phelps, R. T. 2015. California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) and Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) Bites and Contact Abrasions in Open-Water Swimmers: A Series of 11 Cases. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 26(4): 497- 508.
- Orbach DN, Marshall CD, Mesnick SL,WuÈrsig B (2017) Patterns of cetacean vaginal folds yield insights into functionality. PLoS ONE 12(3):e0175037. 10.1371/journal.pone.0175037
- Orbach DN, Kelly DA, Solano M, Brennan PLR. 2017 Genital interactions during simulated copulation among marine mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 284: 20171265. 10.1098/rspb.2017.1265
- Petrauskas, L., Atkinson, S., Gulland, F., Mellish, J., and Horning, M. 2008. Monitoring glucocorticoid response to rehabilitation and research procedures in California and Steller sea lions. Journal of Experimental Zoology 309A: 73-82.
- Racicot, R.A. and A. Berta. 2013. Comparative Morphology of Porpoise (Cetacea:Phocoenidae) Pterygoid Sinuses: Phylogenetic and Functional Implications. Journal of Morphology 274 (1) 49-62; doi: 10.1002/jmor.20075
- Raverty, S. A., Spavin, L., Cottrell, P., Ford, J., Hall, A., Gaydos, J., Haulena, M., and Ivančić, Baseline Stranding InformationM. 2011. Gas Bubble disease in stranded harbor porpoises. Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, May 2011.
- Raverty, S., Leslie, A.M., Zabek, E., Weese J.S., and Gaydos, J. 2011. Duel Parapoxviral and Methacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from a harbor seal pup (Phoca vitulina) in a Washington State Rehabilitation Center. Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, May 2011.
- Raverty, S., J. St. Leger, D. P. Noren, K. Huntington Burek, D. S. Rotstein, F. M. D. Gulland, J. K. B. Ford, M. B. Hanson, D. M. Lambourn, J. Huggins, M. A. Delaney, L. Spavin, T. Rowles, L. Barre, P. Cottrell, G. Ellis, T. Goldstein, K. Terio, D. Duffield, J. Rice, and J. K. Gaydos. 2020. Pathology findings and correlation with body condition index in stranded killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the northeastern Pacific and Hawaii from 2004 and 2013. PLOS ONE doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242505
- Richmond, J.P., Norris, T., and Zinn, S.A. 2010. Re-alimentation in harbor seal pups: Effects on the somatotropic axis and growth rate. General and Comparative Endocrinology 1 65:286-292.
- Russell J, Jeffery N, Bailey J, Osborn S, Le-Bert C, Whitehead H and Nollens HH. Cerebrospinal fluid sampling in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) under general anesthesia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2021 Jan;51(4):1056-1061.
- Sarran, D., Greig, D.J., Rios, C.A., Zabka, T.S., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2008. Evaluation of aqueous humor as a surrogate for serum biochemistry in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Aquatic Mammals 34(2): 157-165.
- Seguel, et al.; Ectopic Pregnancy in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Braz J Vet Pathol, 2016, 9(3), 118 - 122
- Simeone, C.A., Traversi, J.P., Meegan, J.M., LeBert, Colitz, C.M.H., Jensen, E.D. 2017. Clinical management of Candida albicans keratomycosis in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates). Veterinary Ophthalmology. (2017): 1-7
- Sinai, N.L., R.H. Dadaian, P.H. Kass and F.J.M.Verstraete. 2014. Dental Pathology of the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 151 (1) 113-121; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.02.004
- Smodlaka, H., Khamas, WA., Palmer, L., Lui, B., Cohn, BA. Schitz, L. (2016). Eye histology and Ganglion Cell Topography of Norther Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 299(6) 798-805. doi: 10.1002/AR.23342
- Smodlaka H, Khamas WA, Jungers H, Pan R, Al-Tikriti M, Borovac JA, Palmer L, Bukac M. 2018. A Novel Understanding of Phocidae Hearing Adaptations Through a Study of Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris) Ear Anatomy and Histology. PubMed doi: 10.1002/ar.24026
- Smodlaka, H., Galex, I., Palmer, L., Borovac, JA., Khamas, WA. (2017). Ultrastructural, sensory and functional anatomy of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) facial vibrissae. Anat Histol Embryol 46(5): 487-496. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12293
- St. Leger J, Danil K, Dennison S, Scadeng M, Bernaldo de Quirós YM, Fernandez A, Cranford T, Wilkin S, Rowles T. 2011 Pathology of Barotrauma in Long-beaked Common Dolphins (Delphinus capensis). In: Proc 19th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.
- Steinman KJ, Robeck TR, Fetter GA, Schmitt TL, Osborn S, DiRocco S, Nollens HH and O’Brien JK (2020). Circulating and excreted cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone and hematological and serum chemistry parameters in the killer whale (Orcinus orca) during a biological stress response. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: article 830
- Trego ML, Kellar NM, Danil K. 2013. Validation of Blubber Progesterone Concentrations for Pregnancy Determination in Three Dolphin Species and a Porpoise. PLOS ONE 8:e69709. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069709
- Trumble, SJ., Norman, SA., Crain, DD., Mansouri, F., Winfield, ZC., Sabin, R., ,PotterCW., Gabriel, CM., Usenko, S. 2018. Baleen whale cortisol levels reveal a physiological response to 20th century whaling. Nature Communications 9, 4587. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07044-w
- Van Bonn, W., Dennison, S., Cook, P., Fahlman, A. 2013. Gas bubble disease in the brain of a living California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Frontiers in Physiology. 4 (5): 1-6.
- Venn-Watson, S., Rivera, Wells, R. S., Fougeres, E. M., Cooper, A. G., Stevens, R. O., Brodsky,M., Lingenfelser, R., Dold, C. and Douglas, D. C. 2013. Movements and dive patterns of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) released from a mass stranding in the Florida Keys. Aquatic Mammals. 39(1): 61-72. doi: 10.1578/AM.39.1.2013.61
- Volokhov, D.V., Amselle, M., Bodeis-Jones, S., Delmonte, P., Zhang, S., Davidson, M., Gulland, F.M., Chizhikov, V.E. 2018. Neisseria zalophi sp. nov., isolated from oral cavity of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Archives of Microbiology. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1499-x
- Winer, J.N., Liong, S.M. and Verstraete, F.J.M. 2012. The Dental Pathology of Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Journal of Comparative Pathology 149 (2-3) 346-355; doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.243
- Yamato, M., Khidas, K., Pyenson, N., Fordyce, R.E., and J.G. Mead. 2016. Extensively remodeled, fractured cetacean tympanic bullae show that whales can survive traumatic injury to the ears, Journal of Anatomy 228 (1) 125-136; doi: 10.1111/joa.12385. Epub 2015 Sep 22
- Yochem, P.K., Gulland, F., Stewart, B.S., Haulena, M., Mazet, J., and Boyce, W.M. 2008. Thyroid function testing in elephant seals in health and disease. General and Comparative Endocrinology 155(3): 635-640.
- Zabka, T. S., T. Goldstein, C. Cross, R. W. Mueller, C. Kreuder-Johnson, S. Gill, and Gulland, F.M.D. 2009. Characterization of a degenerative cardiomyopathy associated with domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).Veterinary Pathology. 46: 105-119.
Diseases
How we are using the information:
- Develop safety procedures for stranding handbook
- Fulfill state requirements for reportable diseases
- Target and support high priority disease testing with histopathology contract
- Baseline information on disease prevalence to track changes due to climate change
- Improve diagnostic tests for a more complete evaluation of tissue, blood, and other samples
- Increase understanding of the causes of morbidity and mortality in wild marine mammals
- Ability to screen animals to examine the prevalence of diseases in marine mammal populations that include zoonotic disease concerns for humans
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Spraker, T.R., Lyons, E., Melin, S.R., Gulland, F., Delong R.L., and Amos, W. 2006. Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in California sea lion pups. Molecular Ecology 15(7): 1973-1982.
- Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Gulland, F.M.D., Bowen, L. 2018. MHC class II DRB diversity predicts antigen recognition and is associated with disease severity in California sea lions naturally infected with Leptospira interrogans. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 57(2018): 158-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.023
- Aguirre, A.A., Keefe, T.J., Reif, J.S., Kashinsky, L., Yochem, P.K., Saliki, J.T., Stott, J.L., Goldstein, T., Dubey, J.P., Braun, R., and Antonelis, G. 2007. Infectious disease monitoring of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43(2): 229-241.
- Baker, J.D., Hartling, A.L., Barbieri, M.M., Robinson, S.J., Gulland, F.M.D., Littnan, C.L. 2017. Modeling a morbillivirus outbreak in Hawaiian monk seals to aid in the design of mitigation programs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 53(4).
- Barbosa, Lorraine, et al. 2015. A novel Sarcocystis neurona genotype XIII is associated with severe encephalitis in an unexpectedly broad range of marine mammals from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. International journal for parasitology doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.02.013
- Bejarano, A.C., Van Dolah, F.M., Gulland, F.M., Rowles, T.K., and Schwacke, L.H. 2008. Production and toxicity of the marine biotoxin domoic acid and its effects on wildlife: a review. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14: 544-567.
- Bejarano, A. C., Gulland, F. M., Goldstein, T., St. Leger, J., Hunter, M., Schwacke, L. H., Van Dolah, F. M. and Rowles, T.K. 2008. Demographics and spatio-temporal signature of the biotoxin domoic acid in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) stranding records. Marine Mammal Science. 24(4): 899-912. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00224.x
- Bejarano, A.C., Van Dolah, F.M., Gulland, F.M., and Schwacke, L. 2007. Exposure assessment of the biotoxin domoic acid in California sea lions: application of a bioenergetic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series 345: 293-304.
- Boyce, W.M., Mena. I., Yochem, P.K., Gulland, F. MD, Garcia-Sastre, A., Moreno, N., Perez, D.R., Gonzalez-Reiche, A.S., Stewart, B.S. 2013. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in marine mammals in California. Emerging Microbes and Infections. 2013(2). doi: 10.1038/emi.2013.40
- Brodie, E.C., Gulland, F.M. D., Greig, D.J., Hunter, M., Jaakola, J., St Leger, J., Leighfield, T.A., and Van Dolah, F.M. 2006. Domoic acid causes reproductive failure in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).Marine Mammal Science 22(3): 700-707.
- Browning, H.M., Gulland, F.M.D., Hammond, J. A., Colegrove, K.M., Hall, A. J. 2015. Common cancer in a wild animal: the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) as an emerging model for carcinogenesis. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B. 370: 20140228.
- Browning, H.M., Acevedo-Whitehouse K., Gulland, F.M.D., Hall, A.J., Finlayson, J, Dagleish, M.P., Billington, K.J., Colegrove, K, Hammond J.A. 2014. Evidence for a genetic basis of urogenital carcinoma in the wild California sea lion. Proc. R. Soc. B 281: 20140240.
- Buckles, E.L., Lowenstine, L.J., DeLong, R.L., Melin, S.R., Vittore, R.K., Wong, H.-N., Ross, G.L., St Leger, J.A., Greig, D.J., Duerr, R.S., Gulland, F.M.D., and Stott, J.L. 2007. Age- prevalence of otarine herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 120: 1-8.
- Buckles, E.L., Lowenstine, L.J., Funke, C., Vittore, R.K., Wong, H-N., St Leger, J.A., Greig D.J., Duerr, R.S., Gulland, F.M.D., and Stott, J.L. 2006. Otarine herpesvirus-1, not papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 135(4): 183-189.
- Buckles, E.L., Gulland, F.M.D., Aldridge, B.M., Gelatt, T.S., Ross, P.S., Haulena, M., and Lowenstein, L. J. 2006. Fetus in fetu in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi): histopathologic, genetic, and toxicologic analysis. Veterinary Pathology 43(4): 541-544
- Buhnerkempe, M.G., Prager, K.C., Strelioff, C.C., Greig, D.J., Laake, J.L., Melin, S.R., DeLong, R.L., Gulland, F.M.D., Lloyd-Smith, J.O. 2017. Detecting signals of chronic shedding to explain pathogen persistence: Leptospira interrogans in California sea lions. Journal of Animal Ecology. 86: 460-472.
- Cameron, Caroline E., et al. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira bacteria in pinniped populations via PCR and identification of a source of transmission for zoonotic leptospirosis in the marine environment. Journal of clinical microbiology 46.5 (2008): 1728-1733. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02022-07
- Carlson-Bremer, D., Colegrove, K.M., Gulland, F.M.D., Conrad, P.A., Mazet, J.A.K., Johnson, C.K. 2015. Epidemiology and pathology of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Wildlife Disease 51(2).
- Carlson-Bremer, D.P., Gulland, F.M.D., Johnson, C.K., Colegrove, K.M., and Van Bonn, W.G. 2012. Diagnosis and treatment of Sarcocystis neurona-induced myositis in a free- ranging California sea lion. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 240(3): 324-328.
- Carlson-Bremer, D., Johnson, C.K., Miller, R.H., Gulland, F.M.D., Conrad, P.A., Wasmuth, J.D., Colegrove, K.M., Grigg, M.E. 2012. Identification of two novel coccidian species shed by California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Parasitology 98(2): 347-354.
- Colegrove, K., Grigg, M.E., Carlson-Bremer, D., Miller, R.H., Gulland, F.M. Ferguson, D.J., Rejmanek, D., Barr, B.C., Nordhausen, R., Melli, A.C. and Conrad, P.A. 2011. Discovery of three novel coccidian parasites infecting California sea lions (Zalophus Californianus) with evidence of sexual replication and interspecies pathogenicity. Journal of Parasitology 97(5): 868-877.
- Colegrove, K. M., St. Leger, J. A., Raverty, S., Jang, S., Berman-Kowalewski, M. and Gaydos, J. K. 2010. Salmonella newport omphaloarteritis in a stranded killer whale (Orcinus orca) neonate. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 46(4): 1300-1304. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1300
- Colegrove, K.M., Wellehan Jr, J.F.X., Rivera, R., Moore, P.F., Gulland, F.M.D., Lowenstine, L.J., Nordhausen, R.W. and Nollens, H.H. 2010. Polyomavirus infection in a free-ranging California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 22(4):628-32.
- Colegrove, K.M., Gulland, F.M.D., Naydan, D.K., and Lowenstine, L.J. 2009. Tumor morphology and immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53, and Ki67 in urogenital carcinomas of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Pathology. 46: 642-655.
- Colegrove, K.M., Gulland, F.M.D., Harr K., Naydan, D.K., and Lowenstine, L.J. 2009. Pathological features of amyloidosis in stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Pathology. 140: 105-112.
- Cook, P., Reichmuth, C., Gulland, F. 2011. Rapid behavioural diagnosis of domoic acid toxicosis in California sea lions. Biology Letters, doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0127
- Cortes-Hinojosa, G., Gulland, F.M.D., DeLong, R., Gelatt, T., Archer, L., Wellehan Jr., J.F.X. 2016. A novel gammaherpesvirus in Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) is closely related to the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) carcinoma-associated otarine herpesvirus-1. Journal of Wildlife Disease. 52(1): 88-95.
- Cortes-Hinojosa, G., Gulland, F.M.D., Goldstein, T., Venn-Watson, S., Rivera, R., Archer, L.L., Waltzek, T.B., Gray, G.C., Wellehan Jr., J.F.X. 2017. Development and validation of a quantitative PCR for rapid and specific detection of California sea lion adenovirus 1 and prevalence in wild and managed populations. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 29(2): 193-197
- Croft L, Laughlin R, Manley M and Nollens HH. (2020) Water temperature fluctuations as a key driver of cetacean pox (tattoo) lesions in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 139:69-79
- D'Agnese, E.R., D.M. Lambourn, J.K. Olson, J.L. Huggins, S. Raverty, M.M. Garner, J. Calambokidis, A.A. Scott, S.J. Jeffries, J.K. Gaydos. 2021. Congenital diseases in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) from the Salish Sea. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(3). https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-20-00179
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- Sheldon, J.D., Johnson, S.P., Hernandez, J.A., Cray, C., Stacy, N.I. 2017. Acute-phase responses in healthy, malnourished, and otostongylus-infected juvenile Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 48(3): 767-775.
- Siebert, U., Gulland, F., Harder, T., Jauniaux, T., Seibel, H., Wohlsein, and Baugärtner, W. 2010. Epizootics in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): clinical aspects.NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8:265-274.
- Stoddard, R.A. , Atwill, E.R., Gulland, F.M.D., Miller, M.A., Dabritz, H.A., Paradies, D.M., Worcester, K.R., Jang, S., Lawrence, J., Byrne, B.A., and Conrad, P.A. 2008. Risk f actors for infection with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal bacteria in northern elephant seals in California. Public Health Reports 123: 360-370.
- Stoddard, R.A., DeLong, R.L., Byrne, B.A., Jang, S., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2008. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. among marine animals in the Channel Islands, California. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81: 5-11.
- Stoddard, R.A., Miller, W.G., Foley, J.E., Lawrence, J., Gulland, F.M.D., Conrad, P.A., and Byrne, B.A. 2007. Campylobacter insulaenigrae isolates from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73(6): 1729-1735.
- Teman, S.J., J.K. Gaydos, S.A. Norman, J.L. Huggins, D.M. Lambourn, J. Calambokidis, J.K.B. Ford, M.B. Hanson, M. Haulena, E. Zabek, P. Cottrell, L. Hoang, M. Morshed, M.M. Garner, S. Raverty. 2021. Epizootiology of a Cryptococcus gattii outbreak in porpoises and dolphins from the Salish Sea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 146: 129–143. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03630
- Thomas, K., Harvey, J.T., Goldstein, T., and Gulland, F. 2010. Movement, dive behavior, and survival of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) posttreatment for domoic acid toxicosis. Marine Mammal Science. 26 (1):36-52
- Thompson, L., Raverty, S., Haulena, M., Gaydos, J., Mazet, J.K., Cardona, C.J., and Dao, P.T. 2007. Detection of influenza virus matrix protein by polymerase chain reaction in a neonatal harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) in the Pacific Northwest. Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Orlando, FL, May 2007
- Van Bonn, W., Montie, E., Dennison, S., Pussini, N., Cook, P., Greig, D., Barakos, J., Colegrove, K, and Gulland, F. 2011. First evidence of gas bubble disease in a live marine mammal: barotrauma in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 96:89-96.
- Van Bressem, M., Duigan, P.J., Banyard, A., Barbieri, M., Colegrove, K.M., De Guise, S., Di Guardo, G., Dobson, A., Domingo, M., Fauquier, D., Fernandez, A., Goldstein, T., Grenfell, B., Groch, K.R., Gulland, F., Jensen, B.A., Jepson, P.D., Hall, A., Kuiken, T., Mazzariol, S., Morris, S.E., Nielsen, O., Raga, J. A., Rowles, T.K., Saliki, J., Sierra, E., Stephens, N., Stone, B., Tomo, I., Wang, J., Waltzek, T., Wellehan, J.F.X. 2014. Cetacean morbillivirus: Current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 2014(6): 5145- 5181.
- Venn-Watson, S., Benham, C., Gulland, F. M., Smith, C. R., St. Leger, J., Yochem, P., Nollens, H., Bias-Machado, U., Saliki, J., Colegrove, K., Wellehan, J. F. X. and Rivera, R. 2012. Clinical relevance of novel Otarine herpesvirus-3 in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): lymphoma, esophageal ulcers, and strandings. Veterinary Research. 43(1), 85. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-85.
- Vingino, A., M.C. Roberts, M. Wainstein, J. West, S.A. Norman, D.M. Lambourn, J. Lahti, R. Ruiz, M. D’Angeli, S.J. Weissman, P. Rabinowitz. 2021. Surveillance for antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the Salish Sea ecosystem. Antibiotics, 10:1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101201
- Volokhov, D.V., Norris, T., Rios, C., Davidson, M.K., Messick, J.B., Gulland, F.M. and Chizhikov, V.E. 2011. Novel hemotrophic mycoplasma identified in naturally infected California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 149 (1-2): 262-268.
- Wellehan Jr., J.F.X., Rivera, R., Archer, L.L., Benham, C., Muller, J.K., Colegrove, K.M., Gulland, F.M.D., St Leger, J.A., Venn-Watson, S.K., and Nollens, H.H. 2011. Characterization of California sea lion polyomavirus 1: Expansion of the known host range of the Polyomaviridae to Carnivora. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 11: 987-996. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.03.010.
- Whatmore, A.M., Dawson, C., Muchowski, J., Perrett, L.L., Stubberfield, E., Koylass, M., Foster, G., Davidson, N.J., Quance, C., Sidor, I.F., Field, C.L., St. Leger, J. 2017. Characterisation of North American Brucella isolates from marine mammals. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0184758.
- Wright, E.P., Waugh, L.F., Goldstein, T., Freeman, K.S., Kelly, T.R., Wheeler, E.A., Smith, B.R., Gulland, F.M.D. 2014. Evaluation of viruses and their association with ocular lesions in pinnipeds in rehabilitation. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2014: 1-12.
- Zuerner, Richard, L. et al. 2009. Geographical dissemination of Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona seasonal migration of California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 137: 105-110. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.12.017.
Contaminants
How we are using the information:
- Support Tech memo on contaminants in killer whales
- Evaluate options for disposal of contaminated marine mammals
- Track overall contaminant trends in environment
- Better understand how contaminants affect reproduction and mortality in wild marine mammal populations
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Akmajian, A., J. Calambokidis, J.L. Huggins, and D. Lambourn. 2014. Age, region, and temporal patterns of trace elements in stranded harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from Washington inland waters. Northwestern Naturalist 95:83-91. doi: 10.1898/NWN13-26.1
- Ashley, E. A., J. K. Olson, S. Raverty, K. Wilkinson and J. K. Gaydos. 2020. Trace element concentrations in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) from San Juan County, Washington. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 56(2)429-436. doi: 10.7589/2019-04-087
- Cossaboon, J.M., Hoh, E., Chivers, S.J., Weller, D.W., Danil, K., Maruya, K.A., Dodder, N.G., 2019. Apex marine predators and ocean health: Proactive screening of halogenated organic contaminants reveals ecosystem indicator species. Chemosphere 221, 656-664
- El-Zein, R.A., Hastings-Smith, D.A., Ammenheuser, M.M., Treinen-Moslen, M., Gulland, F.M. , and Ward, J.B. Jr. 2006. Evaluation of two different biomarkers for use in the assessment of toxic chemical exposure in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(1): 108-113.
- Greig, D.J., Ylitalo, G.M., Wheeler, E.A., Boyd, D., Gulland, F.M.D., Yanagida, G.K., Harvey, J.T., and Hall, A.J.H. 2011. Geography and stage of development affect persistent organic pollutants in stranded and wild-caught harbor seal pups from central California. Science of the Total Environment 409: 3537-3547. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.047
- Greig, D.J., Ylitalo, G.M., Hall, A.J., Fauquier, D.A., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2007. Transplacental transfer of organochlorines in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26(1): 37-44.
- Greig, D.J., Gulland, F.M.D., Harvey, J.T., Lonergan, M., Hall, A.J. 2018. Harbor seal pup dispersal and individual morphology, hematology, and contaminant factors affecting survival. Marine Mammal Science. 0(0):1-23. doi: 10.1111/mms.12541
- Gunderson, D.T., D.A. Duffield, T. Randall, N. Wintle, D.N. D’Alessandro, J.M. Rice, D. Shepherdson. 2013. Organochlorine contaminants in blubber from stranded marine mammals collected from the Northern Oregon and Southern Washington coasts: implications for re-introducing California condors in Oregon. Bull of Environ Contam & Toxicol. 90:269-273. DOI 10:1007/s00128-012-0940-0.
- Hall, A.J., Gulland, F.M.D., Ylitalo, G.M., Greig, D.J., and Lowenstine, L.J. 2008. Changes in blubber contaminant concentrations in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) associated with weight loss and gain during rehabilitation. Environmental Science and Technology 42(11): 4181-4187.
- Hansen, C.M., Hueffer, K., Gulland, F., Wells, R.S., Balmer, B.C., Castellini, J.M., O’Hara, T. 2014. Use of cellulose filter paper to quantify whole-blood mercury in two marine mammals: validation study. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 50(2); 271-278.
- Harris, H.S., Facemire, P., Greig, D.J., Colegrove, K.M., Ylitalo, G.M., Yanagida, G.K., Nutter, F.B., Fleetwood, M. and Gulland, F.M.D. 2011. Congenital neuroglial heterotopia in a neonatal harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) with evidence of recent exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 47(1): 246-254.
- Harper, E. R., St. Leger, J. A., Westberg, J. A., Mazzaro, L., Schmitt, T., Reidarson, T. H., Tucker, M., Cross, D.H. and Puschner, B. 2007. Tissue heavy metal concentrations of stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in Southern California. Environmental pollution. 147(3): 677-682. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.09.013
- Holmes, A.L., Wise, S.S., Goertz, C.E.C., Dunn, J.L., Gulland, F.M.D., Gelatt, T., Beckmen, K.B., Burek, K., Atkinson, S., Bozza, M, Taylor, R., Zheng, T., Zhang, Y., Aboueissa, A.- M., and Wise, J.P., Sr. 2008. Metal tissue levels in Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) pups. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 1416-1421.
- Lian, M., Field, C.L., van Wijngaarden, E., Rios, C., Castellini, J.M., Greig, D.J., Rea, L.D., Coleman, D.J., Thomson, C.E., Gulland, F.M. and O’Hara, T.M., 2020. Assessment of clinical outcomes associated with mercury concentrations in harbor seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardii) in central California. Science of the Total Environment, p.143686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143686
- Mackintosh, S.A., Dodder, N.G., Shaul, N. J., Aluwihare, L.I., Maruya K.A,m Chivers, S.J., Danil, K., Weller, D.W., & Hoh, E. 2016. Newly Identified DDT-Related Compounds Accumulating in Southern California Bottlenose Dolphins. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50 (22), 122129-12137. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03150
- Prager KC, Buhnerkempe MG, Greig DJ, Orr AJ, Jensen ED, Gomez F, Galloway, R.L., Wu, Q., Gulland, F.M.D., Lloyd-Smith, J.O. 2020. Mapping the Host-Pathogen Space to Link Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Biomarker Data: Leptospira Infection in California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) as a Case Study. PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14(6): e0008407.
- Randhawa, N., Gulland, F., Ylitalo, G. M., DeLong, R., & Mazet, J. A. (2015). Sentinel California sea lions provide insight into legacy organochlorine exposure trends and their association with cancer and infectious disease. One Health, 1: 37-43.
- Ross, P.S., M. Noel, D. Lambourn, N. Dangerfield, J. Calambokidis, and S. Jeffries. 2013. Declining concentrations of persistent PCBs, PBDEs, PCDEs, and PCNs in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Salish Sea. Progress in Oceanography. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.027.
- Ross, P.S., Jeffries, S., Yunker, M., Addison, R.F., Ikonomou, M.G. and Calambokidis, J. 2004. Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, reveal a combination of local and global PCB, PCDD and PCDF signals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23(1), 157-165.
- Sedlak, M.D. and Greig, D.J. 2012. Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in wildlife from an urban estuary. Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 14:146-154.
- Sedlak, M.D., J.P. Benskin, A. Wong, R. Grace, and D.J. Greig. 2017. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in San Francisco Bay wildlife: temporal trends, exposure pathways, and notable presence of precursor compounds. Chemosphere 185, 1217-1226; doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.096
- Shaul, Nellie J., Dodder, Nathan G., Aluwihare, Lihini I., Mackintosh, Susan A.,. Maruya, Keith A, Chivers, Susan J., Danil, Kerri, Weller, David W. and Hoh, Eunha. 2015. Nontargeted biomonitoring of halogenated organic compounds in two ecotypes of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southern California Bight. Environmental Science and Technology 49(3):1328-1338.
- Stapleton, H.M., Dodder, N.G., Kucklick, J.R., Reddy, C.M., Schantz, M.M., Becker, P.R., Gulland, F. , Porter, B.J., and Wise, S.A. 2006. Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and 2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(5): 522-531.
- Van Hoomissen, S., Gulland, F.M.D., Greig, D.J., Castellini, J.M., O'Hara, T.M. 2015. Blood and hair mercury concentrations in the Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) pup: Associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes. EcoHealth 12(3).
- Wintle, Nathan JP, et al. 2011. Total mercury in stranded marine mammals from the Oregon and southern Washington coasts. Marine Mammal Science 27.4: E268- E278. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00461.x Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Quebec City, QC, Canada. 12 Oct-16 Oct. 2009.
- Wise, S.S., Shaffiey, F., LaCerte, C., Goertz, C.E.C., Dunn, J.L., Gulland, F.M.D., Aboueissa, A., Zheng, T. and J.P. Wise, Sr. 2009. Particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium are cytotoxic and genotoxic to Steller sea lion lung cells. Aquatic Toxicology. 91: 329-335.
- Zabka, T.S., Haulena, M. , Puschner, B., Gulland, F.M.D. , Conrad, P.A., and Lowenstine, L.J. 2006. Acute lead toxicosis in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) consequent to ingestion of a lead fishing sinker. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(3): 651-657.
Causes of Death/Human Interaction
How we are using the information:
- Biological opinions
- SARs
- Ongoing efforts to evaluate and mitigate large whale ship strike risk
- Document entanglements
- How to reduce future entanglement risks, emerging diseases, monitoring population dynamics and disease prevalence
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Akmajian, Adrianne M., et al. 2012. Mortality Related to Spotted Ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) in Pacific Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Washington State. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 48.4: 1057-1062. doi: 10.7589/2011-12-348
- Allyn, E.A, Scordino, J.J (2020). Entanglement rates and haulout abundance trends of Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) and California (Zalophus californianus) sea lions on the north coast of Washington state https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237178
- Berman-Kowalewski, M., Gulland, F.M.D., Wilkin, S., Calambokidis, J., Mate, B., Cordaro, J., Rotstein, D., St. Leger, J., Collins, P., Fahy, K., and Dover, S. 2010. Association between Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Mortality and Ship Strikes along the California Coast. Aquatic Mammals 36 (1) 59-66, doi: 10.1578/AM.36.1.2010.59.
- Brock, K.A., et al. 2016. Uterine hydrops in a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps). IAAAM.
- Clarke, L. Z., Plourde, I.A., Gaydos, J.K., and Olson, J.K. 2016. Attempted Predation of a Harbor Seal Pup (Phoca vitulina) by an American Mink (Neovison vison) in the Salish Sea. Northwestern Naturalist, 97(3):260-262
- Cox, T.M., Ragen, T.J., Read, A.J., Vos, E., Baird, R.W., Balcomb, K., Barlow, J., Caldwell, J., Cranford, T., Crum, L., D'Amico, A., D'Spain, G., Fernandez, A., Finneran, J., Gentry, R., Gerth, W., Gulland, F., Hildebrand, J., Houser, D., Hullar, T., Jepson, P.D., Ketten, D., MacLeod, C.D., Miller, P., Moore, S., Mountain, D.C., Palka, D., Ponganis, P., Rommel, S., Rowles, T., Taylor, B., Tyack, P., Wartzok, D., Gisiner, R., Mead, J., and Benner, L. 2006. Understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 7(3): 177-187.
- D’Alessandro, D., Duffield, D., Chandler, K., Boothe, T., Rice, J.M. 2016. Human interaction challenges for the Northern Oregon/Southern Washington Marine Mammal Stranding Program. 2016 National Marine Animal Health and Stranding Network Conference. Sept 6-9. Shepherdstown, WV.
- Danil, K. and St Leger, J.A. 2011 Seabird and Dolphin Mortality Associated with Underwater Detonation Exercises. Marine Technology Society Journal 45(6): 89-95.
- Danil K., Chivers SJ, Carretta JV. 2011. Human interaction in stranded San Diego County cetaceans between 2001 and 2010. Southern California Marine Mammal Workshop, Newport Beach, CA, January 21-22. http://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Programs/Photogrammetry/HI2001- 2010_Poster.pdf
- Dau, B. K., Gilardi, K.V., Gulland, F. M. D., Higgins, A., Holcomb, J. B., St. Leger, J. and Ziccardi, M. H. 2009. Fishing gear-related injury in California marine wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 45(2): 355-362. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-45.2.355
- Douglas, Annie B., et al. 2008. Incidence of ship strikes of large whales in Washington State. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 88.06: 1121-1132. doi: 10.1017/S0025315408000295
- Gaydos, J. K., R. W. Osborne, S. Raverty, and R. Baird. 2005. Suspected surplus killing of harbor seal pups by killer whales. Northwestern Naturalist 86: 150-154. doi: 10.1898/1051-1733(2005)086[0150:SSKOHS]2.0.CO;2
- Huggins, J.L., S.A. Raverty, S.A. Norman, J. Calambokidis, J.K. Gaydos, D.A. Duffield, Lambourn, D.A., Rice, J.M., Hanson, B., Wilkinson, K., Norberg, B. and Barre, L. 2015. Increased harbor porpoise mortality in the Pacific Northwest, USA: understanding when higher levels may be normal. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 115:93-102. Annual Conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, Cape Town, South Africa, November 2007.
- Huggins, J.L., Leahy, C.L., Calambokidis, J., Lambourn, D., Jeffries, S.J., Norman, S.A., Raverty, S. 2013. Causes and patterns of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) mortality at Smith Island, Washington, 2004-2010. Northwestern Naturalist 94:198-208.
- Jacobsen, J.K., Massey, L., and Gulland, F. 2010. Fatal ingestion of floating marine debris by two sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:765- 767.
- Jepson, PD., Barbieri M, Barco SG, Bernaldo de Quiros, Bogomolni A, Danil K, and Rowles T. 2013. Peracute underwater entrapment of pinnipeds and cetaceans. In Criteria and case definitions for serious injury and death of pinnipeds and cetaceans caused by anthropogenic trauma. Edited by Moore MJ, van der Hoop J, Barco SG, Costidis AM, Gulland FM, Jepson PD, Moore KT, Raverty S and McLellan WA.. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 103: 235-39 doi: 10.3354/dao02566
- Lambourn, D., Raverty, S., Jeffries, S., Calambokidis, J., Garner, M., Gaydos, J., Miller, M., and Conrad, P. Causes of Mortality in Pinnipeds of Washington State during 2004. 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference, Seattle, WA, March 2005.
- Lee, K., and Duffield, D. 2013. GIS analysis of California sea lion and Steller sea lion mortality on the Oregon and southern Washington coasts, 2006-2012. 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Dec. 9-13, Dunedin, NZ.
- Melin, S.R., Orr, A.J., Harris, J.D., Laake, J.L., DeLong, R.L., Gulland, F.M.D., and Stoudt, S. 2010. Unprecedented mortality of California sea lion pups associated with anomalous oceanographic conditions along the central California coast in 2009. CalCOFI Reports. 51:182-194.
- Moore, M.J., van der Hoop, J., Barco, S. G., Costidis, A. M., Gulland, F. M., Jepson, P.D., Moore, K. T., Raverty, S., McLellan, W. A. 2013. Criteria and case definitions for serious injury and death of pinnepeds and cetaceans caused by anthropogenic trauma. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Vol. 103: 229-264.
- Moore K, Gulland F, Berman M, Cabrera E, Danil K, Hall L. 2013. Gunshot injuries of pinnipeds and cetaceans. In Criteria and case definitions for serious injury and death of pinnipeds and cetaceans caused by anthropogenic trauma. Edited by Moore MJ, Van der Hoop J, Barco SG, Costidis AM, Gulland FM, Jepson PD, Moore KT, Raverty S and McLellan WA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 103: 256-62 doi: 10.3354/dao02566
- Moore, E., Lyday, S., Roletto, J., Litle, K., Parrish, J.K., Nevins, H., Harvey, J., Mortenson, J., Greig, D., Piazza, M., Hermace, A., Lee, D., Adams, D., Allen, S., and Kell, S. 2009. Entanglements of marine mammals and seabirds in central California and the north-west coast of the United States 2001-2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58: 1045-1051.
- Olson, J. K. and Gaydos, J. K. 2016. Prevalence of propeller strike related mortality in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from San Juan County, WA
- Olson, J.K, D. Lambourn, J. Huggins, S. Raverty, A.A. Scott, J. K. Gaydos. 2021. Trends in propeller strike induced mortality in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) of the Salish Sea. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 57(3). https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-20-00221
- Maclean R. A., Imai D., Dold, C., Haulena, M. and Gulland, F. M. D. 2008. Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate aplasia in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(2): 499-504. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.499
- Raverty, S., Huggins, J., Calambokidis, J., Wilkinson, K., Barre, L., Norberg, B., Lambourn, D., Gaydos, J., Norman, S., Rice, J., Duffield, D., Ford, J., Hanson, B. 2008 Post mortem findings of an unusual mortality event of harbor porpoises in the northeastern Pacific, 2006-2007. Presented to the American College of Veterinary Pathologists Meeting, November, 2008.
- Raverty, S., B. Hanson, S. Norman, A. Hall, and J. Gaydos. 2005. Post mortem findings in small cetacean strandings in the Pacific Northwest, 1999-2004. Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Newsletter 11(1): 12.
- Rice, J.M, Duffield, D.A. and D’Alessandro, D. 2016. Morbidity and mortality in Marine Mammals along the Oregon and Southern Washington coasts, 2006-2015. 2016 National Marine Animal Health and Stranding Network Conference. Sept 6-9. Shepherdstown, WV. 21st Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Dec. 13-18. San Francisco, CA
- Rice, J.M., Duffield, D.A., Barros, N.B., D’Alessandro, D. 2010. Morbidity and mortality in marine mammals along the Oregon and Southern Washington coasts. National Marine Animal Health and Stranding Network Conference. April 6-9. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. West Coast Marine Mammal Stranding Network Regional Meeting, San Pedro, CA March 24, 2015. Poster presentation to be given to the 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Quebec City, Canada, Oct. 2009.
- Rice, J.M. A capture cage for entangled sea lions. Poster presentation given at the National Marine Animal Health and Stranding Network Conference, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, April 5-9, 2010.
- Rice, J.M., Duffield, D.A., and Barros, N.B. 2009. Morbidity and mortality in marine mammals along the Oregon and southern Washington coasts. 18th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. 12-16 Oct. Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Rockwood R.C., Calambokidis J., Jahncke J. (2017) High mortality of blue, humpback and fin whales from modeling of vessel collisions on the U.S. West Coast suggests population impacts and insufficient protection. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183052. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183052
- St. Leger, J. and Nilson, E. 2014. Intestinal atresia in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and a review of congenital conditions of the species. Aquatic Mammals 40(2): 201-206. doi: 10.1578/AM.40.2.2014.207
- Tinker M.T., B.B. Hatfield, M.D. Harris, and J.A. Ames. 2015. Dramatic increase in sea otter mortality from white sharks in California. Marine Mammal Science 32 (1) 309-326; doi: 10.1111/mms.12261
- Warlick, A., Duffield, D., Lambourn, D., Jeffries, S., Rice, J., Gaydos, J., Huggins, J., Calambokidis, J., Lahner, L., Olson, J., D'Agnese, E., Souze, V., Elsby, E., and Norman, S. Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Pinniped Strandings and Human Interaction Cases in the Pacific Northwest, 1989 –2016. Submitted for publication to Marine Ecology Progress Series, August 2017.
- Whitaker, A.R. 2008. The Role of Human Predation in the Structuring of Prehistoric Prey Populations in Northwestern California. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/27417
- Williams, R., Gero, S., Bejder, L., Calambokidis, J., Kraus, S.D., Lusseau, D., Read, A.J., and Robbins, J. 2011. Underestimating the damage: interpreting cetacean carcass recoveries in the context of the Deepwater Horizon/BP incident. Conservation Letters 4: 228-233. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00168.x
Unusual Mortality Events
How we are using the information:
- Evaluate past and future UMEs,
- Evaluate environmental factors including climate change, harmful algal blooms/biotoxins, limited food source (other causes of UME’s include infections, human interactions, and malnutrition)
- Contribute to national perspective on UMEs throughout the United States and affecting all marine mammal groups
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Gulland, F. 2013. Gray whale strandings, health evaluations and an unusual mortality event in 1999-2000. Journal of the American Cetacean Society. 42(1): 47-51.
- Huggins, Jessica L., et al. 2015. Increased harbor porpoise mortality in the Pacific Northwest, USA: understanding when higher levels may be normal. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 115:93-102. doi: 10.3354/dao02887
- Lambourn, D, et al. 2009. 2007-2009 Pacific Northwest Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) Unusual Mortality Event (UME) Summary Report. Oral presentation given to the National Marine Animal Health and Stranding Network Conference, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, April 5-9, 2010.
- McClatchie S, Field J,Thompson AR, Gerrodette T, Lowry M, Fiedler PC, Watson W, Nieto KM, Vetter RD. 2016 Food limitation of sea lion pups and the decline of forage off central and southern California. R. Soc. open sci. 3: 150628. doi: 10.1098/rsos.150628
- Norman, S.A., Huggins, J., Carpenter, T.E., Case, J.T., Lambourn, D.M., Rice, J., Calambokidis, J., Gaydon, J., Hanson, B., Duffield, D.A., et al. 2012. The application of GIS and spatiotemporal analyses to investigations of unusual marine mammal strandings and mortality events. Marine Mammal Science 28(3):E251-E266. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00507.x
- Raverty, S., J. Huggins, J. Calambokidis, K. Wilkinson, L. Barre, B. Norberg, D. Lambourn, J. Gaydos, S. Norman, J. Rice, D. Duffield, J. Ford, and B. Hanson. 2008. Post mortem findings of an unusual mortality event of harbor porpoises in the Northeastern Pacific, 2006-2007. 2008 Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, San Antonio, Texas, November 2008.
- Torres de la Riva, G., Kreuder Johnson, C., Gulland, F.M.D., Langlois, G.W., Heyning, J.E., Rowles, T.K., and Mazet, J.A.K. 2009. Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern California coastline. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 45(1): 109-121.
- Wilkin, S.M., J. Cordaro, F. M. D. Gulland, E. Wheeler, R. Dunkin, T. Sigler, D. Casper, M. Berman, M. Flannery, S. Fire, Z. Wang, K. Colegrove, and J. Baker. 2012. An Unusual Mortality Event of Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Off Central California: Increase in Blunt Trauma rather than an Epizootic. Aquatic Mammals 38 (3) 301-310 doi: 10.1578/AM.38.3.2012.301.
Southern Resident Killer Whales
How we are using the information: funding to develop and implement killer whale disease testing and necropsy protocol (updated 2014), inform SRKW health workshop and priorities (2015-current), better understand distribution/range and make more informed decisions for critical habitat.
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Barbieri, Michelle M., et al. 2013. Spatial and temporal analysis of killer whale (Orcinus orca) strandings in the North Pacific Ocean and the benefits of a coordinated stranding response protocol. Marine Mammal Science 29.4: E448-E462. doi: 10.1111/mms.12044
- D’Alessandro, D., Duffield, D.A., Raverty, S., Gaydos, J.K, Lambourn, D., Huggins, J., Calambokidis, J., Mcklveen, T., Dennison, S., Norberg, B., Wilkinson, K., Barre, L., Hanson,B., Foreman, P., Traxler, A., Brubaker, H. 2013. Stranding evaluation of southern resident killer whale L-112, by the Northwest Marine Mammal Stranding Network. 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals. Dec. 9-13, Dunedin, NZ.
- Duffield, D., Gaydos, J.J., Raverty, S., Wilkinson, K., Norberg, B., Barre, L., Hanson, B., Foreman, P., Traxler, A., Lambourn, D., Huggins, J., Calambokidis, J., McKlveen, T., Dennison, S., Brubaker, H. 2015. Wild Animal Mortality Investigation: Southern Resident Killer Whale L-112. Final Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC.
- Duffield, D.A., D’Alessandro, D., Raverty, S., Gaydos, J.K., Lambourn, D., Huggins, J., Calambokidis, J., Mcklveen, T., Dennison, S., Norberg, B., Wilkinson, K., Barre, L., Hanson, B., Foreman, P., Traxler, A., Brubaker, H. 2013. Stranding evaluation of southern resident killer whale L-112, by the Northwest Marine Mammal Stranding Network. 44th Annual IAAAM Conference. April 21-26. Sausalito, CA
- Gaydos, Joseph K., et al. 2004. Evaluating potential infectious disease threats for southern resident killer whales, Orcinus orca : a model for endangered species. Biological Conservation 117.3 : 253-262. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.07.004
- Matkin, C. O, Moore, M. J., Gulland, F.M.D. 2017. Review of Recent Research on Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW) to Detect Evidence of Poor Body Condition in the Population. Independent Science Panel Report to the SeaDoc Society. 3 pp. + Appendices. doi 10.1575/1912/8803.
- Raverty, S., Duffield, D., Hanson, B., Barre, L., Lambourn, D., Huggins, J., Goldstein, T., Gaydos, J. 2012. Presumptive congenital gastric herniation in a neonatal killer whale (Orcinus orca) stranded in Washington, USA. 43rd Annual IAAAM Conference. May 12-16. Atlanta, GA.
- Raverty, S. A., Gaydos, J.K., Hanson, B.,and Wong, S. 2005. An Overview of Post Mortem Findings of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Stranded 1994-2003. American College of Veterinary Pathologist Annual Meeting, November 2005.
Efficacy of Rehabilitation
How we are using the information: support for limited rehab policies, conduct post-release monitoring of rehabilitated animals to evaluate the success of the rehabilitation process (this data is collected via the rehabilitation disposition form and continued research studies). Rehabilitation of marine mammals allows Stranding Network partners to receive handling and rehabilitation experience especially if needed to intervene and rehabilitate an ESA listed species.
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Fravel, V.A., Van Bonn, W., Gulland, F., Rios, C., Fahlman, A., Graham, J.L., Havel, P.J. (2016). Intraperitoneal dextrose administration as an alternative emergency treatment for hypoglycemic yearling California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 47(1): 76-82.
- Gaydos, Joseph K., et al. 2012. "Postrelease movement of rehabilitated harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) pups compared with cohort ‐matched wild seal pups." Marine Mammal Science 29.3: E282-E294. doi: 10.1111/mms.12002
- Gaydos, J. K., Norman, S.A., Lambourn, D., Jeffries, S., Raverty, S., Leslie, M.,Lockwood, S., DeGhetto, D., Huckabee, J., Ewalt, D., Whaley, J., and Rowles, T. 2005. Should harbor seals with antibodies to Brucella be rehabilitated? Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Conference of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Seward, AK, May 2005.
- Groner, M.L., Maynard, J., Breyta, R., Carnegie, R.B., Dobson, A., Friedman, C.S., Froelich, B., Garren, M., Gulland, F.M.D., Heron, S.F., Noble, R.T., Revie, C.W., Shields, J.D., Vanderstichel, R., Weil, E., Wyllie-Echeverria, S., Harvell, C.D. 2016. Managing Marine Disease Emergencies in an Era of Rapid Change. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society B. 371: 20150364
- Lynn, B.L., Reichmuth, C., Schusterman, R.J., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2010. Filial imprinting in a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus).Aquatic Mammals. 36(1):79-83.
- Moore RBT, Douglas DC, Nollens HH, Croft L and Wells RS (2020). Post-Release Monitoring of a Stranded and Rehabilitated Short-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus). Aquatic Mammals 46:2:200-214
- Moore, M., Early, G., Touhey, K., Barco, S., Gulland, F., and Wells, R. 2007. Rehabilitation and release of marine mammals in the United States: risks and benefits.Marine Mammal Science 23(4): 731-750.
- Norris, T.A., Littnan, C.L., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2011. Evaluation of the Captive Care and Post- Release Behavior and Survival of Seven Juvenile Female Hawaiian Monk Seals. Aquatic Mammals 37(3):342-353.
- Schofield, T.D., Levine, G., Gulland, F.M.D., Littnan, C.L. and Colitz, C.M.H. 2011. The First Successful Hand-Rearing of a Neonate Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi) and Post-Release Management Challenges. Aquatic Mammals 37(3): 354-359.
- Stanger, S., M. Haulena, C. Nordstrom, and J. K. Gaydos. 2020. Interannual differences in post-release movement and survival of rehabilitated harbor seal pups. Marine Mammal Science 1-16; doi: 10.1111/mms.12739
- Stoddard, R.A., Atwill, E.R., Conrad, P.A., Byrne, B.A., Jang, S., Lawrence, J., McCowan, B., and Gulland, F.M.D. 2009. The effects of rehabilitation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of commensal Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology. 133: 264-271.
Biology (Diet, Movement, Ecology, Conservation)
Papers and Major Findings/Recommendations
- Allen, Sarah with M. Flannery. “Orcas of the California Coast.” Bay Nature January to March 2014: 24-31. Print.
- Ashley, E. A., J. K. Olson, T. E. Adler, S. Raverty, E. M. Anderson, S. Jeffries, and J. K. Gaydos. 2020. Causes of mortality in a harbor seal population at equilibrium. Frontiers in Marine Science 7:319. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00319
- Busquets-Vass G, Newsome SD, Calambokidis J, Serra-Valente G, Jacobsen JK, Aguíñiga-García S, et al. (2017) Estimating blue whale skin isotopic incorporation rates and baleen growth rates: Implications for assessing diet and movement patterns in mysticetes. PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177880. 10.1371/journal.pone.0177880
- Cooley, L.A., E.H. Nicholson, J.T. Harvey, and B.I. McDonald. The Talking Dead: Insights from Twenty Years of Marine Mammal Stranding Response in Monterey County, California. Western Society of Naturalists Annual Meeting, virtual event, November 2020.
- D'Agnese E.R, D.M. Lambourn, J. Rice, et al. Reemergence of Guadalupe fur seals in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: The epidemiology of stranding events during 2005–2016. Mar Mam Sci. 2020;1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12678
- Elliser, C.R., J. Calambokidis, D.N. D'Alessandro, D.A. Duffield, J.L. Huggins, J. Rice, I. Szczepaniak, and M. Webber. 2020. Prey-Related Asphyxiation in Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) along the U.S. West Coast: Importance of American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) on Adult Female Harbor Porpoise Mortality. Oceans 2020 1(3), 94-113. doi: 10.3390/oceans1030008
- Flannery, Moe. 2020. "Dead Whales Do Tell Tales" Public lecture at the Sequoias Portola Valley about CAS/TMMC large whale stranding response.
- Ford, J.K.B, E.H. Stredulinsky, G.M. Ellis, J.W. Durban, and J.F. Pilkington. 2014. Offshore Killer Whales in Canadian Pacific Waters: Distribution, Seasonality, Foraging Ecology, Population Status and Potential for Recovery. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc.2014/088. vii + 55 p.
- Newsome, S.D., J. D. Yeakel, P.V. Wheatley, and M.T. Tinker. 2012. Tools for quantifying isotopic niche space and dietary variation at the individual and population level. Journal of Mammalogy: 93 (2) 329-341; doi: 10.1644/11-MAMM-S-187.1.
- Newsome, S.D., P.L. Koch, M.A. Etnier, and D. Aurioles-Gamboa. 2006. Using carbon and nitrogen isotope values to investigate maternal strategies in northeast Pacific Otariids. Marine Mammal Science 22(3):556-572; doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00043.x.
- Norman, S. A., B. Hanson, J. Huggins, D. Lambourn, J. Calambokidis, P. Cottrell, A. Greene, S. Raverty, S. Berta, S. Dubpernell, M. Klope, J. Olson, S. J. Jeffries, M. Carrasco, V. Souze, A. Elsby, C. McLean, B. Carlson, C. Emmons, J. Gaydos. 2018. Conception, fetal growth, and calving seasonality of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Salish Sea waters of Washington State, USA and southern British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. doi: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0155.
- Olson, J., J. Aschoff, A. Goble, and J. K. Gaydos. 2020. Maximizing surveillance through spatial characterization of marine mammal stranding hot spots. Marine Mammal Science 1-14. doi: 10.1111/mms.12696
- Orr, A.J., Norris, T.A., Galvez, C., Deming, A.C., Elorriaga-Verplancken, F.R. 2018. First extralimital record of an Eastern Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) pup at Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Aquatic Mammals. 44(3): 279-284 DOI: 10.1578/AM.44.3.2018.279.
- Parsons, E.C.M., Baulch, S., Bechshoft, T., Baellazzi, G., Bouchet, P., Cosentino, A.M., Goddard-Codding, C.A.J., Gulland, F., Hoffmann-Kuhnt, M., Hoyt, E., Livermore, S., MacLeod, C.D., Matrai, E., Munger, L., Ochiai, M., Peyman, A., Recalde-Salas, A., Regnery, R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Salgado-Kent, C.P., Slooten, E., Wang, J.Y., Wilson, S.C., Wright, A.J., Young, S., Zwamborn, E., Sutherland, W.J. 2015. Key research questions of global importance for cetacean conservation. Endanger Species Research. 27: 113-118.
- Whitaker, A.R. and W.R. Hildebrandt. 2011. Why Were Northern Fur Seals Spared in Northern California? A Cultural and Archaeological Explanation. In The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters of the North Pacific, edited by Torben Rick and Todd Braje, pp. 197-219. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA; doi: 10.1525/California/9780520267268.001.0001.