After 48 years studying green sea turtles in Hawai‘i (known as “honu” in the Hawaiian language), George Balazs, Hawai‘i Senior Sea Turtle Scientist at NOAA’s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, recently retired from NOAA service—but not from sea turtle research. Learn more about his work and how life in the Hawaiian Islands has changed for green turtles since the late 1960s.
Photo of George Balazs from Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve Park and Sea Life Park in Honolulu, Hawaii, Dec. 27, 2011. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza).
A woman prays to a green turtle for blessings in Hawai’i. Credit: George Balazs.
I think one of the things that makes them so special is their tie to local, ancient culture. Many island native cultures admire these animals because they believe they’re endowed with supernatural traits. And they are a mysterious animal if you think about it—they’re one of the oldest creatures on Earth, they dive deep but breathe air, they swim hundreds of miles to their nesting grounds, disappearing and then returning. Some believe that these turtles are actually our ancestors, returning to us.
Step out of your scientist role and step into your subject’s point of view. What did the world look like to green turtles in Hawai‘i when you started studying them?
Back then, turtles were afraid of humans, and for good reason. In the 1970s, a turtle was a hundred-dollar bill, greatly valued for their meat. Turtle soup, stew, and steak were popular menu items in Hawaii, including for tourists. When I first inventoried Hawaii’s nesting female green turtles in the summer of 1973, their numbers were woefully low. There were only 67 at their main breeding site, clearly not enough for the species to survive much longer in the Hawaiian Islands at the rate they were being overharvested.
Green sea turtles bask along the shores of French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Marylou Staman.
I gave talks to the public and to the State of Hawai‘i policymakers to increase awareness about the situation. I asked them to consider a ban on the commercialization of turtles and, after seeing my data they agreed. I continued to research and educate, and in 1978 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service classified the Hawaiian green sea turtle as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. This meant that killing a turtle became a federal offense. With these changes the turtles started to make progress, slowly but steadily.
Fast forwarding 46 years, what does the world look like to them today?
George Balazs on a green turtle research tagging trip with student assistants in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historic Park in 2016. Credit: Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center.
As the turtles began repopulating in coastal waters of the Hawaiian islands, I saw a sociological shift happen; people became more aware of their conservation and began valuing them as “watchable wildlife”—a big tourism draw. The nesting population has grown steadily at about 5 percent per year since 1973. While green turtle populations vary by season, in a recent season the same islet where I counted 67 mothers in 1973 had nearly 900 mothers. The population has really restored itself and grown to healthy numbers and significantly expanded into new foraging habitats. And we’ve learned a lot about them through our research, which continues to support monitoring and protection efforts. We’ve come a long way in our knowledge in 46 years. But the turtles in Hawai‘i, through their resiliency, durability, and survival instincts, have come even farther.
