Pacific Bluefin Tuna
Pacific Bluefin Tuna
Thunnus orientalis
Also Known As
Northern bluefin tuna, Tuna, Bluefin tuna
Quick Facts
Region
Pacific Islands,
West Coast
School of bluefin tuna. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
School of bluefin tuna. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
About the Species
Although Pacific-wide populations are well below target levels, U.S. wild-caught Pacific bluefin tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed under rebuilding measures that limit harvest by U.S. fishermen.
Population
The stock is overfished, but the fishing rate promotes population growth.
Fishing Rate
Not subject to overfishing.
Habitat Impacts
Fishing gear used to catch bluefin tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
Bycatch
Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
Population Status
- According to the 2022 stock assessment, Pacific bluefin tuna is overfished, but not subject to overfishing. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
- NOAA Fisheries first determined the Pacific bluefin tuna stock to be overfished in 2013. The 2022 assessment completed by the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean found the stock is still overfished, but stock size has significantly increased.
Appearance
- Pacific bluefin tuna have black or dark blue dorsal sides, with a grayish-green iridescence.
- Their bellies are dotted with silver or gray spots or bands.
- They have a series of small yellow fins, edged in black, running from the second dorsal fin to the tail.
- A distinguishing characteristic of Pacific bluefin tuna is that the tips of the pectoral fins do not reach the front of the second dorsal fin.
- They have relatively small eyes compared to other species of tuna.
Biology
- Pacific bluefin tunas reach maturity at approximately 5 years of age and can live up to 26 years, although the average lifespan is about 15 years.
- Adults are approximately 1.5 meters (4 feet 11 inches) long and weigh about 60 kilograms (130 pounds).
- The maximum reported length and weight for Pacific bluefin tuna is 3 meters (9.8 feet) in length and 450 kilograms (990 pounds).
- Pacific bluefin tunas are predatory and mainly eat squids and fish, such as sardines and anchovies, saury, herring, pompanos, mackerel, hake, other tunas, and occasionally red crabs and krill.
Where They Live
Range
- Most of the U.S. catch of Pacific bluefin tuna is within about 100 nautical miles of the California coast.
Habitat
- Bluefin tuna are highly migratory and travel long distances throughout the Pacific Ocean.
- They are found mostly in temperate ocean waters but also in the tropics and cooler coastal regions.
- Of the tunas, Pacific bluefin tuna have the largest geographic range.
- Tagging studies have revealed that some bluefin spend their entire lives in the Western Pacific Ocean, while others migrate to the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The trans-Pacific journey can take as little as 55 days.
Fishery Management
- Management of highly migratory species, such as Pacific bluefin tuna, is complicated because they migrate thousands of miles across oceans and international borders and are fished by many nations.
- Effective conservation and management of these resources requires international cooperation as well as strong domestic management. The United States continues to encourage harvest levels internationally that rebuild the population.
- Two international organizations, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) coordinate management of this fishery across jurisdictions of member and cooperating nations. Working with the U.S. Department of State, NOAA Fisheries implements the IATTC and WCPFC conservation and management measures as regulations for U.S. fleets.
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council and the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council manage this fishery on the West Coast and in the Pacific Islands under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species and the Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Pelagic Fisheries of the Western Pacific, respectively.
- NOAA Fisheries works with the councils to provide recommendations to the Commissions and implement domestic regulations under the authority of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA).
- The councils provide advice to NOAA Fisheries and the Department of State, so that the councils’ interests are represented in international negotiations.
- Councils will also develop recommendations for domestic regulations to address the relative impact on the stock by U.S. vessels.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- The average annual bluefin landings by U.S. commercial vessels fishing in the eastern Pacific Ocean represent only 2 percent of the average annual landings from all fleets fishing there.
- U.S.-caught Pacific bluefin tuna are commonly landed in California by fishermen who sell to local restaurants.
- In 2021, U.S. commercial landings of Pacific bluefin tuna totaled 480,000 pounds and were valued at $1.7 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Purse seine, hook-and-line, and harpoon gear are used to catch Pacific bluefin tuna.
- Fishing gear used to catch bluefin tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
- These fishing methods are fairly selective and allow for the live release of unintentionally caught species.
- Recreational fishery:
- Pacific bluefin tuna are a highly valued species by recreational anglers.
- West Coast recreational fishing grounds primarily include offshore waters of southern California and northern Baja, and have historically included waters as far north as Monterey Bay.
- Commercial passenger fishing vessels and private boaters target Pacific bluefin tuna with recreational fishing gear using live bait (sardines or anchovy), casting jigs, and trolling jigs.
Scientific Classification
- Most of the U.S. catch of Pacific bluefin tuna is within about 100 nautical miles of the California coast.
- Bluefin tuna are highly migratory and travel long distances throughout the Pacific Ocean.
- They are found mostly in temperate ocean waters but also in the tropics and cooler coastal regions.
- Of the tunas, Pacific bluefin tuna have the largest geographic range.
- Tagging studies have revealed that some bluefin spend their entire lives in the Western Pacific Ocean, while others migrate to the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The trans-Pacific journey can take as little as 55 days.
Fishery Management
- Management of highly migratory species, such as Pacific bluefin tuna, is complicated because they migrate thousands of miles across oceans and international borders and are fished by many nations.
- Effective conservation and management of these resources requires international cooperation as well as strong domestic management. The United States continues to encourage harvest levels internationally that rebuild the population.
- Two international organizations, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) coordinate management of this fishery across jurisdictions of member and cooperating nations. Working with the U.S. Department of State, NOAA Fisheries implements the IATTC and WCPFC conservation and management measures as regulations for U.S. fleets.
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council and the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council manage this fishery on the West Coast and in the Pacific Islands under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species and the Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Pelagic Fisheries of the Western Pacific, respectively.
- NOAA Fisheries works with the councils to provide recommendations to the Commissions and implement domestic regulations under the authority of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA).
- The councils provide advice to NOAA Fisheries and the Department of State, so that the councils’ interests are represented in international negotiations.
- Councils will also develop recommendations for domestic regulations to address the relative impact on the stock by U.S. vessels.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- The average annual bluefin landings by U.S. commercial vessels fishing in the eastern Pacific Ocean represent only 2 percent of the average annual landings from all fleets fishing there.
- U.S.-caught Pacific bluefin tuna are commonly landed in California by fishermen who sell to local restaurants.
- In 2021, U.S. commercial landings of Pacific bluefin tuna totaled 480,000 pounds and were valued at $1.7 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Purse seine, hook-and-line, and harpoon gear are used to catch Pacific bluefin tuna.
- Fishing gear used to catch bluefin tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
- These fishing methods are fairly selective and allow for the live release of unintentionally caught species.
- Recreational fishery:
- Pacific bluefin tuna are a highly valued species by recreational anglers.
- West Coast recreational fishing grounds primarily include offshore waters of southern California and northern Baja, and have historically included waters as far north as Monterey Bay.
- Commercial passenger fishing vessels and private boaters target Pacific bluefin tuna with recreational fishing gear using live bait (sardines or anchovy), casting jigs, and trolling jigs.
Scientific Classification
| Kingdom | Animalia | Phylum | Chordata | Class | Actinopterygii | Order | Scombriformes | Family | Scombridae | Genus | Thunnus | Species | orientalis |
|---|
Featured News
Grilled tuna lemon with mayo. Credit: North Carolina Sea Grant/Vanda Lewis.
Swordfish skewers on the grill. Photo by Sam Wells, Chef Epic.
Related Species
Seafood Facts
Is Pacific Bluefin Tuna Sustainable?
Although Pacific-wide populations are well below target levels, U.S. wild-caught Pacific bluefin tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed under rebuilding measures that limit harvest by U.S. fishermen.
Availability
Year-round, but most Pacific bluefin tuna are caught between May and October, and are sold to local restaurants.
Source
U.S. wild-caught along the West Coast, primarily from California.
Taste
Bluefin has a distinctive flavor. With its high fat content, it is especially prized for sushi and sashimi. Cooking is generally not advised as it produces a strong fish taste and odor.
Texture
Bluefin tuna flesh is the darkest and fattiest of any tuna. A higher fat content in bluefin tuna is equated with a higher-quality product. The flesh has the firmness and appearance of beef steaks.
Color
Deep red when uncooked. When cooked, the meat is an off-white or ivory color.
Health Benefits
Bluefin tuna is a very good source of protein, thiamin, selenium, vitamin B6, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Nutrition Facts
Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 100 g (raw); Calories: 144; Protein: 23.33 g; Total Fat: 4.9 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 1.257 g; Carbohydrate: 0 g; Total Sugars: 0 g; Total Dietary Fiber: 0 g; Cholesterol: 38 mg; Selenium: 36.5 mcg; Sodium: 39 mgSeafood News
Rainbow in the dusk sky at San Diego Harbor. Credit: NOAA/Liana Heberer.
The NOAA Aquaculture Strategic Plan (2023–2028) includes goals and objectives to sustainably develop the aquaculture industry in the United States. Credit: NOAA Aquaculture Program
Raw oysters on plate. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.