Pacific Whiting
Pacific Whiting
Mercluccius productus
Fishing Status
Not subject to overfishing.Quick Facts
Pacific whiting. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
Pacific whiting. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
About the Species
Pacific whiting, or hake, is a ray-finned fish species found off the West Coast of the United States and Canada. They are a semi-pelagic schooling species of groundfish. There are three stocks of Pacific whiting: a migratory coastal stock, ranging from southern Baja California to Queen Charlotte Sound; a central-south Puget Sound stock; and a Strait of Georgia stock. While the latter stocks have declined substantially, the coastal stock remains large and healthy and is the most abundant commercial fish stock on the Pacific Coast. Pacific whiting are night-time predators that move up the water column to feed and then migrate back down during the day.
Appearance
- Pacific whiting is a round fish.
- They are silvery in color with black speckles on the back and black inside the mouth.
Biology
- Pacific whiting grow fast, up to 3 feet in length, and can live to more than 15 years old.
- Relatively little is known about their spawning season and locations. They are known to spawn in large numbers from January through March off south-central California, and were traditionally thought to migrate seasonally. However, recent studies have also shown that they may spawn as far north as Canada.
- In the spring, they travel nearshore and to the north to feed along the continental shelf and slope from northern California to Vancouver Island.
- In the summer, they form large schools along the continental shelf break. In years with warmer water temperatures, whiting tend to move farther north during the summer. Older whiting tend to migrate farther than younger fish.
- Female whiting are able to reproduce when they reach 2 to 4 years old (13 to 16 inches long). Males mature by 3 years of age (11 inches long).
- Females release their eggs, which males then fertilize externally. Eggs hatch in 5 to 6 days.
- They feed on shrimp, krill, and pelagic schooling fish, such as eulachon and Pacific herring. As whiting grow larger, fish make up a greater part of their diet.
- Many fish-eating species, such as lingcod and Humboldt squid, prey on Pacific whiting. Sablefish, albacore, pollock, Pacific cod, rockfish, sharks, and marine mammals also feed on Pacific whiting.
Where They Live
Range
- Pacific whiting is found off the West Coast from Southern Baja California and the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Alaska.
Habitat
- Pacific whiting school in midwater but have also been observed resting on the seafloor.
- They’re most common in water between 164 and 1,640 feet deep, but adults are found in water over 3,000 feet deep and 250 miles or more offshore.
Scientific Classification
- Pacific whiting is found off the West Coast from Southern Baja California and the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Alaska.
- Pacific whiting school in midwater but have also been observed resting on the seafloor.
- They’re most common in water between 164 and 1,640 feet deep, but adults are found in water over 3,000 feet deep and 250 miles or more offshore.
Scientific Classification
| Kingdom | Animalia | Phylum | Chordata | Class | Actinopterygii | Order | Gadiformes | Family | Merlucciidae | Genus | Merluccius | Species | productus |
|---|
Featured News
Vessels fishing for Pacific hake, shown here, sometimes inadvertently catch salmon in the wintertime fishery. The catch locations help understand the distribution of salmon in the ocean in winter. Photo by Jeff Bash/NOAA Fisheries.
Related Species
Seafood Facts
Is Pacific Whiting Sustainable?
U.S. wild-caught Pacific whiting is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Availability
Frozen whiting is available year-round.
Source
U.S. wild-caught from Washington, Oregon, and California.
Taste
Mild and slightly sweet.
Texture
Soft and less flaky than other whitefish such as cod and pollock.
Color
Raw and cooked whiting ranges from pure white to off-white.
Health Benefits
Whiting is a good source of selenium, vitamin B, magnesium, and protein.
Nutrition Facts
Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 100 g (raw); Calories: 90; Protein: 18.31 g; Total Fat: 1.31 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 0.247 g; Carbohydrate: 0 g; Total Sugars: 0 g; Total Dietary Fiber: 0 g; Cholesterol: 67 mg; Selenium: 32.1 mcg; Sodium: 72 mgHake Recipes
Looking for ways to add white fish like hake into your rotation? If you need some cooking inspiration, browse these recipes for easy fish sticks, crab-stuffed hake, and more!
Seafood News
Celebrate Culinary Arts Month with a sustainable seafood recipe for every month of the year.
What Your Birth Month Says About Your Next Seafood Recipe
Fresh-caught taʻape on ice. Credit: Conservation International Hawaiʻi.
Reducing Waste and Feeding Communities in Hawaiʻi with a Whole Fish Approach
Chef Tyler Hadfield’s Curried Skate Wings with Tomato-Masala Chutney
Ring In the New Year With These Crowd-Favorite Seafood Recipes
NOAA Fisheries, in collaboration with Blue Ocean Mariculture, is conducting a multi-year pilot study to evaluate observational methods and tools for studying Hawaiian monk seal behavior. Courtesy of Blue Ocean Mariculture
AI Meets Aquaculture to Study Hawaiian Monk Seal Interactions With Net Pens
Subsistence Fishing
Subsistence Fishing Regulations
NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific whiting fishery on the West Coast, in U.S. federal waters (3 to 200 miles offshore) under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (PDF, 158 pages).
The Makah Tribe has an active fishery for Pacific whiting entirely within their usual and accustomed fishing grounds off the Olympic coast.
Of the five sectors of West Coast groundfish fisheries covered under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan, the tribal sector is made up of tribal commercial fishers who have a federally recognized treaty right to fish for federally managed groundfish in their "usual and accustomed" fishing areas. These tribes, all located in Washington state, include the Quinault, Hoh, Quileute, and Makah. Formal allocations to these tribes exist for sablefish and Pacific whiting.
On May 15, 2018, NOAA Fisheries published a final rule (83 FR 22401) for the 2018 Pacific whiting fishery under the authority of the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, and the Pacific Whiting Act of 2006. This final rule set the 2018 U.S. total allowable catch of 441,433 metric tons of Pacific whiting, established a tribal allocation of 77,251 metric tons, established a set-aside for research and bycatch of 1,500 metric tons, and announced the allocations of Pacific whiting to the non-tribal fishery for 2018.
Population Status
- According to the 2024 stock assessment, the coastal stock of Pacific whiting is not overfished, and is not subject to overfishing based on 2023 catch data. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
Fishery Management
- The coastal stock of Pacific whiting is managed through the bilateral Pacific Whiting Agreement between the United States and Canada.
- The agreement allocates a harvest quota to American and Canadian fisheries. The United States is allocated nearly 74 percent of the annual quota and Canada the remaining 26 percent.
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific whiting fishery on the West Coast, in U.S. federal waters (3 to 200 nautical miles offshore).
- Managed under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan:
- Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
- Certain seasons and areas are closed to fishing.
- Gear restrictions and area closures help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
- Managers use annual harvest quotas to regulate the coastwide catch of Pacific whiting.
- There are several sectors of the U.S. whiting fishery, and managers divide allowable catch among them. Sectors include:
- Non-tribal catcher boats delivering to shore-based processing facilities.
- Non-tribal catcher boats delivering to at-sea mothership processors.
- Non-tribal vessels that both catch and process the catch at sea.
- Tribal harvesters.
- The shore-based trawl fishery, which includes vessels targeting Pacific whiting, is managed under the trawl rationalization catch share program that includes:
- Catch limits based on the population status of each fish stock and divided into shares that are allocated to individual fishermen or groups.
- Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to catch their share.
- Total catch accounting and 100 percent observer coverage.
- The Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative was established in 1997 by fishing companies owning trawlers in the catcher/processor sector of the fishery.
- They allocate their catch quota among cooperative members to allow them to use the quota more efficiently. The result is a less wasteful, more environmentally friendly fishery that produces a higher quality product..
Harvest
- In 2023, commercial landings of Pacific whiting totaled 470 million pounds and were valued at $42 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Mid-water trawls are primarily used to catch Pacific whiting.
- Mid-water trawling has minimal impact on habitat and low incidental catch of other species.
- Fishermen follow a number of regulations to reduce potential bycatch in the fishery.
- Mesh on the narrow, back end (codend) of their nets must be at least 3 inches to prevent bycatch of small fish.
- Regulations restrict where fishermen may harvest Pacific whiting to reduce bycatch of Chinook salmon.
- Each sector’s catch is restricted by limits on bycatch of Chinook salmon and depleted rockfish species.
- There is 100 percent observer monitoring on at-sea processors and catcher vessels.
- Recreational fishermen do not target Pacific whiting but sometimes catch them incidentally while fishing for other groundfish and salmon.
Science Overview
NOAA Fisheries conducts various research activities on the biology, behavior, and population health of Pacific whiting. The results of this research are used to inform management decisions for this species.
For detailed information about stock status, management, assessments, and resource trends, you can search for Pacific whiting, and any other species of interest, using NOAA’s StockSMART web tool.
Pacific Whiting Research in the Northwest
Scientists have identified a number of research areas that could improve stock assessments and management of Pacific whiting, including refining the estimates of abundance from acoustic surveys and researching the links between oceanographic conditions and the distribution of coastal stocks.
Catch Share Observer Program
All vessels participating in the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program are required to carry a NOAA-certified fishery observer during all fishing trips. An observer is an independent field biologist who monitors commercial fishing activities by collecting and recording scientific, at-sea catch data. The high-quality data they collect is used to monitor fisheries, assess fish populations, set fishing quotas, and inform management. Observers also support compliance with fishing and safety regulations. The Northwest Fisheries Science Center Observer Program trains, certifies, and equips catch share observers, ensures data quality, and stores, maintains, and analyzes data collected by observers. Follow a day in the life of an observer in this video from NOAA Fisheries.
