Document
2017 Billfish Newsletter
The annual Billfish Newsletter communicates the results of cooperative efforts between fishery…
Striped Marlin
Striped Marlin
Kajikia audax
Also Known As
Nairagi, A‘u, Makijki, Barred marlin, Spikefish, Striped swordfish
Quick Facts
Weight
250 - 450 pounds
Lifespan
Up to 20 years
Length
Up to 14 feet
Region
Pacific Islands,
West Coast
About the Species
Striped marlin are a highly migratory fish living at the top of the food chain in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is a member of a larger family known as billfish, which get their name from their upper jaw that extends to form a spear. Because of their large size, marlin are prized sport fish. Striped marlin also support large commercial fisheries throughout the Pacific Ocean.
Population
Above target population level in the eastern Pacific. Significantly below target population level in the western and central Pacific due to international fishing. Measures to rebuild the stock are in place in U.S. and international waters.
Fishing Rate
At recommended level in the eastern Pacific. Reduced to end overfishing in the western and central North Pacific.
Habitat Impacts
Gear used to harvest striped marlin rarely contacts the ocean floor, so habitat impacts are minimal.
Bycatch
Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch. Striped marlin are caught incidentally in some fisheries that target tunas and swordfish.
Population Status
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There are two stocks of striped marlin: The Eastern Pacific and Western and Central North Pacific stocks. According to the most recent stock assessments:
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The Eastern Pacific stock is not overfished and not subject to overfishing (2010 stock assessment). Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) conducted this assessment.
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The Western and Central North Pacific stock is overfished and subject to overfishing (2019 stock assessment). Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART. Because the overfished status of this stock is due to international fishing pressure, it is not being managed under a rebuilding plan that is typically required for solely domestic fish stocks.
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- The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), of which the United States is a member, has agreed to international conservation and management measures for the Western and Central North Pacific stock. While current measures may not be sufficient in ending overfishing or rebuilding the stock, NOAA Fisheries continues to work with the Western Pacific and Pacific Fishery Management Councils and the U.S. Department of State to recommend or propose effective management measures to be adopted by the WCPFC.
- Population assessments for the Western and Central North Pacific striped marlin stock are conducted by the Billfish Working Group of the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC). NOAA Fisheries scientists participate in the ISC assessments and contribute relevant U.S. fishery data.
Appearance
- Striped marlin are large, oceanic fish with long, round bills, small teeth, and a tall dorsal fin.
- Their bodies are dark blue-black on the top and fade to a silvery white on the bottom.
- They have rows of blue colored stripes made up of smaller round dots or narrow bands.
Biology
- Striped marlin are smaller than other marlin species, but can reach a length of 12 feet and weigh more than 450 pounds.
- Spawning occurs in the central Pacific and off central Mexico.
- Juvenile fish move east toward the coast of Mexico, where they are found in high abundance around the tip of the Baja Peninsula.
- Striped marlin are opportunistic feeders of fish including mackerel, sardine, and anchovy. They will also eat invertebrates, including squid.
- Off the coast of southern California, they often feed at the surface on small coastal fish and squid.
- Large pelagic sharks or toothed whales prey on adult marlin.
Where They Live
Striped marlin live throughout tropical and sub-tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific striped marlin fishery domestically.
- Managed under the Fishery Ecosystem Plan for Pacific Pelagic Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region:
- Entry to this fishery is limited to a maximum of 164 vessels.
- Permits and logbooks are required.
- Observers are required on all Hawaii-based vessels using longlines.
- NOAA Fisheries vessel monitoring system program requires longline boats to be equipped with a satellite transponder that provides real-time vessel position updates and tracks vessel movements.
- Longlines are prohibited in certain areas to protect endangered Hawaiian monk seals and reduce the potential for gear conflicts and localized stock depletion.
- Vessels operating under longline general permits must carry special gear to release incidentally hooked or entangled sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds, and fishermen must attend protected species workshops.
- Fishing gear requirements apply to all Hawaii longline limited access permitted vessels. The requirements may change depending on type of fishing trip, location of fishing, and how the gear is set. Regulation summaries can be found here.
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific striped marlin fishery on the West Coast, in federal waters (3 to 200 miles offshore).
- Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species:
- Striped marlin is included in the plan because of its importance to the recreational (sport) fishery in California.
- There is no commercial fishery for striped marlin. Sale of striped marlin by vessels under PFMC jurisdiction is prohibited.
- Management of highly migratory species, like Pacific striped marlin, is complicated because the species migrates thousands of miles across international boundaries and are fished by many nations.
- Effective conservation and management of this resource requires international cooperation as well as strong domestic management.
- Two organizations, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) manage this fishery internationally.
- These Commissions rely on the scientific advice of their staff and the analyses of the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific (ISC) to develop and adopt international resolutions for conservation and management measures.
- Working with the U.S. Department of State, NOAA Fisheries domestically implements conservation and management measures adopted by WCPFC and IATTC.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- In 2019, commercial landings of Pacific striped marlin totaled more than 1 million pounds and were valued at more than $1.6 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database. These figures may not match other agency sources of data due to confidential information.
- The Billfish Conservation Act, along with existing billfish regulations, prohibits the sale and commercial possession of billfish and billfish products. However, those that are caught in Hawaii and the Pacific Insular Areas (which includes American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands) are exempt and can be sold.
- Prohibitions on the sale of striped marlin on the U.S. West Coast provide a strong disincentive for commercial fishermen to catch striped marlin.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Marlin are primarily caught incidentally in pelagic longline commercial fisheries for tuna and swordfish.
- U.S. pelagic longline fishermen, who target tuna and swordfish and may incidentally catch striped marlin, are required to use specific tools and handling techniques to mitigate bycatch of sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals. The Hawaii longline regulation summary can be found here.
- If too many interactions with sea turtles occur, NOAA Fisheries closes the fishery for the remainder of the year.
- To prevent seabird interactions, deep and shallow-set longline vessels must either deploy longline gear from the side of the vessel (as opposed to the back of the vessel) or use blue-dyed bait (which is less visible to seabirds).
- In the deep-set longline sector, vessels must use circle hooks and certain gear setups to allow whales to bend the hooks and escape an incidental hooking.
- Time-area closures also limit and prevent interactions between pelagic longline gear and non-target species.
- Recreational fishery:
- Striped marlin are a favorite target for recreational fishermen and one of the most sought-after billfish in the region because the fish are acrobatic and tend to put up an incredible fight when hooked.
- Hawaii hosts one of the largest billfish tournaments in the United States. Most fish caught in recreational tournaments are tagged and released. Tournament proceeds, tackle, and trip-related expenditures contribute significantly to local economies.
- There is little bycatch associated with the recreational fishery.