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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 22ND ANNUAL TRINATIONAL SARDINE & SMALL PELAGICS FORUM Virtual Event - May 2, 2022
Proceedings of the virtual 22nd Annual Trinational Sardine and Small Pelagics Forum (TSF), hosted…
Pacific Mackerel
Pacific Mackerel
Scomber japonicus
Also Known As
Chub mackerel, Spanish mackerel
Quick Facts
Region
West Coast
Pacific mackerel. Credit: Shutterstock
Pacific mackerel. Credit: Shutterstock
About the Species
U.S. wild-caught Pacific mackerel is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Population
Above target population levels.
Fishing Rate
At recommended levels.
Habitat Impacts
The gear used to catch Pacific mackerel is used at the surface and has little impact on bottom habitat.
Bycatch
Bycatch is low because gear used is selective.
Population Status
- Pacific mackerel is not overfished (2019 stock assessment), and not subject to overfishing based on 2020 catch data. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
- Pacific mackerel naturally experience “boom and bust” cycles of abundance, which is typical of other small pelagic species that have relatively short life spans and high reproduction rates.
- The Pacific mackerel stock is well above its target population level. However, in historical terms, the population remains at a relatively low abundance level, due primarily to oceanographic conditions.
Appearance
- The body of the Pacific mackerel tapers at both ends.
- They have a pointy head and a large mouth.
- The head is dark blue, the back is dark blue with about 30 dark wavy lines, and the undersides are silver green.
- Pacific mackerel can be distinguished from other mackerel by counting the finlets on their back; Pacific mackerel typically have four to six finlets.
Biology
- Pacific mackerel grow fast, up to 25 inches and more than 6 pounds.
- They can live up to 18 years but are able to reproduce by age 4, and sometimes as early as age 1.
- They spawn at different times of the year, depending on where they live. Pacific mackerel spawn from late April to September off California, year-round off central Baja California peaking from June through October, and from late fall to early spring off Cabo San Lucas.
- They spawn several times a year, releasing batches of almost 70,000 eggs each time. The eggs usually hatch within 4 to 5 days.
- Pacific mackerel feed on plankton (tiny floating plants and animals) and the younger stages of all the pelagic species such as anchovies and sardines, as well as their own young.
- Various larger fish (such as sharks and tunas), marine mammals, and seabirds eat Pacific mackerel.
- Pacific mackerel school as a defense against predators. Often they will school with other pelagic species such as jack mackerel and sardines.
- As adults, they migrate north to Washington in the summer and south to Baja California in the winter. The northerly movement in summer is accentuated during El Niño events.
- They also travel inshore and offshore off California—they’re more abundant inshore from July to November and more abundant offshore from March to May.
Where They Live
Range
- Pacific mackerel are found from southeastern Alaska to Mexico but are most common south of Point Conception, California.
Habitat
- Pacific mackerel live within 20 miles of shore in water ranging from 50˚ to 72˚ F.
- When the population is small, they tend to occupy only the warmer part of their habitat.
- Juveniles live off sandy beaches, around kelp beds, and in open bays.
- Adults are found near shallow banks from the surface to waters almost 1,000 feet deep.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific mackerel fishery.
- Managed under the Coastal Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan:
- Catch limits are in place to end and prevent overfishing.
- Permits are needed to harvest Pacific mackerel.
- Gear restrictions are in place to reduce bycatch.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- In 2021, commercial landings of Pacific mackerel totaled 2 million pounds and were valued at $480,000, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- There is no directed fishery for mackerel in Oregon or Washington, but small amounts are taken incidentally by whiting trawlers and salmon trollers.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Round haul nets are used to catch Pacific mackerel.
- Habitat and bycatch impacts are minimal because the gear is used at the surface.
- Recreational fishery:
- Recreational fishermen catch Pacific mackerel in California but seldom target them.
- The statewide recreational harvest makes up a small fraction (less than 5 percent in weight) of the total landings.
- California’s recreational catch of Pacific mackerel is included within the fishery harvest guideline, but there are no other restrictions on this fishery.
- Pacific mackerel are found from southeastern Alaska to Mexico but are most common south of Point Conception, California.
- Pacific mackerel live within 20 miles of shore in water ranging from 50˚ to 72˚ F.
- When the population is small, they tend to occupy only the warmer part of their habitat.
- Juveniles live off sandy beaches, around kelp beds, and in open bays.
- Adults are found near shallow banks from the surface to waters almost 1,000 feet deep.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific mackerel fishery.
- Managed under the Coastal Pelagic Species Fishery Management Plan:
- Catch limits are in place to end and prevent overfishing.
- Permits are needed to harvest Pacific mackerel.
- Gear restrictions are in place to reduce bycatch.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- In 2021, commercial landings of Pacific mackerel totaled 2 million pounds and were valued at $480,000, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- There is no directed fishery for mackerel in Oregon or Washington, but small amounts are taken incidentally by whiting trawlers and salmon trollers.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Round haul nets are used to catch Pacific mackerel.
- Habitat and bycatch impacts are minimal because the gear is used at the surface.
- Recreational fishery:
- Recreational fishermen catch Pacific mackerel in California but seldom target them.
- The statewide recreational harvest makes up a small fraction (less than 5 percent in weight) of the total landings.
- California’s recreational catch of Pacific mackerel is included within the fishery harvest guideline, but there are no other restrictions on this fishery.
Featured News
NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker, a fisheries survey vessel, departed San DIego in early July to assess coastal pelagic species such as sardine and anchovy. Credit: Paul Hillman/NOAA Fisheries
Chef Rob's Pulled Opah Sandwich. Credit: Sam Wells.
Seafood Overview
Is Pacific Mackerel Sustainable?
U.S. wild-caught Pacific mackerel is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Availability
Year-round, but primarily in summer.
Source
U.S. wild-caught from Washington to California.
Taste
Rich with a pronounced flavor.
Texture
Flaky and moist.
Color
Dark red flesh.
Health Benefits
Pacific mackerel is a good source of riboflavin and vitamin B6, and a very good source of protein, niacin, vitamin B12, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Nutrition Facts
Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 100 g; Calories: 158; Protein: 20.07 g; Total Fat: 7.89 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 2.247 g; Carbohydrate: 0 g; Total Sugars: 0 g; Total Dietary Fiber: 0 g; Cholesterol: 47 mg; Selenium: 36.5 mcg; Sodium: 86 mgSeafood News
Rainbow in the dusk sky at San Diego Harbor. Credit: NOAA/Liana Heberer.
The NOAA Aquaculture Strategic Plan (2023–2028) includes goals and objectives to sustainably develop the aquaculture industry in the United States. Credit: NOAA Aquaculture Program
Raw oysters on plate. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.
Satellite image showing fine sediments and phytoplankton over the shallow nearshore waters and continental shelf of northern Gulf of Alaska, March 13, 2008. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory, NASA image by Norman Kuring, MODIS Ocean Color Team