Shortfin Squid
Shortfin Squid
Illex illecebrosus
Also Known As
Illex squid, Summer squid
Quick Facts
Region
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Shortfin squid. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
Shortfin squid. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
About the Species
U.S. wild-caught shortfin squid is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Population
The population level is unknown. The species has a lifespan of less than one year.
Fishing Rate
At recommended level.
Habitat Impacts
Fishing gears used to harvest shortfin squid have minimal impacts on habitat.
Bycatch
Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
Population Status
- According to the latest assessment (2005 stock assessment), shortfin squid is not subject to overfishing. There is currently not enough information to determine the population size, so it is unknown. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
Appearance
- Female shortfin squid range from 7 to 12 inches in mantle length, while males are 7 to 10.6 inches in mantle length.
- They can regulate their body color, but are primarily orange-colored with a brown stripe that extends along the top side of the mantle.
Biology
- Shortfin squid live for less than one year. They have a high natural mortality rate, and a long spawning season.
- Females can release multiple egg masses during a single spawning season, but die after they spawn. Spawning can occur year round with seasonal peaks from October to June.
- Shortfin squid have extremely variable birth, growth, and maturity rates. This makes them extremely sensitive to climate-driven changes.
- They grow about one millimeter a day.
- Shortfin squid are visual predators that eat crustaceans, fish, and other squid, including their own species.
- They are food for many fish, including bluefin tuna, silver hake, red hake, bluefish, goosefish, fourspot flounder, Atlantic cod, sea raven, spiny dogfish, and swordfish. Seabird predators include shearwaters, gannets, and fulmars.
- Shortfin squid undergo daily vertical migrations between cooler deep water and warmer surface water. They are nearest the seabed during the day, and higher in the water column during the night.
Where They Live
Range
- Shortfin squid inhabits the continental shelf and slope waters of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, from Newfoundland to the central east coast of Florida.
- In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, shortfin squid are most often caught along the continental shelf break in depths between 150 to 275 meters.
Habitat
- Shortfin squid live in deep and shallow waters on the continental shelf, continental slope, and open ocean depending on the season.
- They are found in nearshore waters of the Gulf of Maine during summer and fall.
- During spring, shortfin squid migrate onto the continental shelf, and during late fall, they migrate off the continental shelf.
- Their egg masses float in mid-water.
- Spawning occurs in the waters off Rhode Island and New Jersey.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council manage the shortfin squid fishery.
- Managed under the Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery Management Plan:
- Fishermen with a limited access permit can fish for unlimited amounts of shortfin squid while the fishery is open. All other fishermen must obtain an incidental catch permit, and have possession limits.
- An annual coastwide catch quota is set annually. Managers monitor annual quotas closely, as there can be large fluctuations in abundance from year to year.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery
- In 2021, commercial landings of shortfin squid totaled 39 million pounds, and were valued at $19.6 million according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Fisheries for shortfin squid reflect the species’ seasonal migrations.
- The majority of landings come from Rhode Island and New Jersey.
- Harvested for bait domestically, and exported for bait and food.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- The majority of shortfin squid is harvested June 1 through October 31 using small-mesh bottom trawls. The fishery is open year round, but the squid aren’t available in commercial quantities year round.
- Sandy or muddy habitat, where squid are fished, is less sensitive to the impacts of trawling.
- Small-mesh bottom trawls can incidentally catch marine mammals and large pelagic species, including pilot whales, common dolphin, swordfish, and a variety of sharks, ray, and tuna species. Finfish such as butterfish, hakes, longfin squid, summer flounder, herring, spiny dogfish, and Atlantic mackerel are also incidentally caught in this fishery.
- Measures to prevent or minimize bycatch include:
- Fishing must occur seaward of the 50-fathom depth line to reduce finfish and longfin inshore squid bycatch.
- Outreach to fishermen to educate them on actions to take in the event of a marine mammal interaction.
- Real-time communication to vessels regarding hotspots of marine mammal interactions.
- Shortfin squid inhabits the continental shelf and slope waters of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, from Newfoundland to the central east coast of Florida.
- In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, shortfin squid are most often caught along the continental shelf break in depths between 150 to 275 meters.
- Shortfin squid live in deep and shallow waters on the continental shelf, continental slope, and open ocean depending on the season.
- They are found in nearshore waters of the Gulf of Maine during summer and fall.
- During spring, shortfin squid migrate onto the continental shelf, and during late fall, they migrate off the continental shelf.
- Their egg masses float in mid-water.
- Spawning occurs in the waters off Rhode Island and New Jersey.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council manage the shortfin squid fishery.
- Managed under the Atlantic Mackerel, Squid, and Butterfish Fishery Management Plan:
- Fishermen with a limited access permit can fish for unlimited amounts of shortfin squid while the fishery is open. All other fishermen must obtain an incidental catch permit, and have possession limits.
- An annual coastwide catch quota is set annually. Managers monitor annual quotas closely, as there can be large fluctuations in abundance from year to year.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery
- In 2021, commercial landings of shortfin squid totaled 39 million pounds, and were valued at $19.6 million according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Fisheries for shortfin squid reflect the species’ seasonal migrations.
- The majority of landings come from Rhode Island and New Jersey.
- Harvested for bait domestically, and exported for bait and food.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- The majority of shortfin squid is harvested June 1 through October 31 using small-mesh bottom trawls. The fishery is open year round, but the squid aren’t available in commercial quantities year round.
- Sandy or muddy habitat, where squid are fished, is less sensitive to the impacts of trawling.
- Small-mesh bottom trawls can incidentally catch marine mammals and large pelagic species, including pilot whales, common dolphin, swordfish, and a variety of sharks, ray, and tuna species. Finfish such as butterfish, hakes, longfin squid, summer flounder, herring, spiny dogfish, and Atlantic mackerel are also incidentally caught in this fishery.
- Measures to prevent or minimize bycatch include:
- Fishing must occur seaward of the 50-fathom depth line to reduce finfish and longfin inshore squid bycatch.
- Outreach to fishermen to educate them on actions to take in the event of a marine mammal interaction.
- Real-time communication to vessels regarding hotspots of marine mammal interactions.
Seafood Overview
Is Shortfin Squid Sustainable?
U.S. wild-caught shortfin squid is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Availability
Summer and fall.
Source
U.S. wild-caught from Maine to North Carolina.
Taste
Mild, and subtly sweet.
Texture
Firm and meaty.
Color
Raw squid is ivory colored with orange speckling and a brown stripe that runs down the mantle. Cooked squid is opaque white.
Health Benefits
Squid are an excellent source of selenium, riboflavin, and vitamin B12.
Nutrition Facts
Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 100 g; Calories: 92; Protein: 15.58 g; Total Fat: 1.38 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 0.358 g; Carbohydrate: 3.08 g; Total Sugars: 0 g; Total Dietary Fiber: 0 g; Cholesterol: 233 mg; Selenium: 44.8 mcg; Sodium: 44 mgSeafood News
Rainbow in the dusk sky at San Diego Harbor. Credit: NOAA/Liana Heberer.
The NOAA Aquaculture Strategic Plan (2023–2028) includes goals and objectives to sustainably develop the aquaculture industry in the United States. Credit: NOAA Aquaculture Program
Raw oysters on plate. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.
Satellite image showing fine sediments and phytoplankton over the shallow nearshore waters and continental shelf of northern Gulf of Alaska, March 13, 2008. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory, NASA image by Norman Kuring, MODIS Ocean Color Team