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Seal Ecology and Assessment Research in the Northwest Atlantic
We study the ecology of seals in the Northwest Atlantic to support conservation management and promote public stewardship of a healthy and diverse marine environment.
There are two main species of seals that breed and forage in the U.S. Northwest Atlantic: harbor seals and gray seals. We research these seal populations to learn more about how many there are, where they live, and what they eat. This helps us understand their role in the ecosystem, and how they might be affected by factors like changing climate conditions.
As sentinels of the marine environment, seals can provide insight into the state of a changing ecosystem. One site where the Northeast Fisheries Science Center and their partners conduct research is Muskeget Island, where teams survey, capture, and sample animals to collect information on population abundance, individual animal health, diet, and behaviors.
Seal Abundance
Our seal research program focuses on harbor seal and gray seal ecology, principally in New England and Mid-Atlantic waters from Maine to Virginia. We monitor the abundance of both populations primarily using aerial photographic surveys along important haul-out sites such as beaches, sand bars, jetties, ledges, and rock piles that seals use to rest and give birth.
We conduct harbor seal abundance surveys along the coast of Maine in late May to early June to coincide with the peak pupping period. These surveys provide an index of the number of pups born and of the total population. We conduct gray seal abundance surveys during the pupping season in January at colonies in Massachusetts and Maine, with the main goal of monitoring the annual number of pups born. We also conduct seasonal surveys at other times of year along coastal waters to monitor both harbor seal and gray seal abundance and habitat use. We use both manned and uncrewed aircraft to monitor the seal populations.
Fish ear bones, or otoliths, recovered from a seal stomach help researchers determine prey species.
Trophic Ecology
Using multiple approaches to estimate diet composition improves our understanding of what seals eat and how this varies in space and time. We examine harbor seal and gray seal diets by the following methods:
Analysis of seal fecal material collected at several haul-out sites on Cape Cod and in Nantucket Sound
Examination of seal stomachs collected from animals accidentally killed in commercial fishing operations
Studying fatty acids in the blubber of live or dead animals
Our staff have recently begun to experiment with using DNA in stomach contents to identify prey, and also work with research partners who study diet via stable isotopes in hair and blood. We will integrate this information into ecosystem models so we can better understand the nutritional relationships among marine species and how much seal predation contributes to natural mortality of commercially important fish stocks.
Image
Satellite tracks of 3 gray seal pups tagged in January 2020. Weaned pups were captured and tagged at their birth sites (triangles) Muskeget Island, Massachusetts and Seal Island, Maine. Research conducted under NOAA research permit # 21719. Map: Kimberly Murray.
Movements and Distribution
We capture and tag harbor seals and gray seals to improve estimates of abundance and to better understand habitat use at sea and on land. Satellite tags provide information on seasonal movements throughout U.S. and Canadian waters as well as haul-out and diving behavior. In addition, longer-lasting acoustic tags provide information on the presence and survival of individual seals in particular areas. See satellite tracks of gray seal pups tagged in 2023.
Researchers swab samples from gray seal pup.
Biological Sampling
We also live-capture and sample harbor and gray seals. We work closely with our academic, government, and non-government research partners to conduct captures and to collect and analyze tissue, serological, and genetic samples. From these samples we gain information on the health of the animals, presence of disease and contaminant loads in the wild population, diet, and stock structure.
Gray seal caught in fishing gear. Photo: NOAA Fisheries.
Bycatch Analysis
Our staff analyzes annual mortality associated with incidental capture in commercial fishing gear and evaluates the potential impact of other human activities on seal populations. Serious injury and mortality estimates are incorporated into annual stock assessment reports.
Researchers participate in winter fieldwork at the Nantucket National Wildlife Refuge. Photo: Milton Levin.
Collaborations
Scientific staff collaborate with regional universities, non-profit research organizations,and multiple government agencies to conduct seal research in the western North Atlantic region. Our staff are also members of international scientific groups that focus on North Atlantic seals.
Wood, S.A., E. Josephson, K. Precoda, and K.T. Murray. 2022. Gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pupping trends and 2021 population estimates in U.S. waters. Northeast Fisheries Science Center reference document 22-14. DOI: 10.25923/9hjq-gb82
Sigourney, D.B., K.T. Murray, J.R. Gilbert, J.M. Ver Hoef, E. Josephson, and R.A. DiGiovanni, Jr. 2021. Application of a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in Atlantic harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) abundance in Maine, U.S.A., 1993–2018. Marine Mammal Science. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12873
Murray, K.T., J.M. Hatch, R.A. DiGiovanni Jr., and E. Josephson. 2021. Tracking young-of-the- year gray seals Halichoerus grypus to estimate fishery encounter risk. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 671:235–245.
den Heyer, C.E., W.D. Bowen, J. Dale, J-F. Gosselin, M.O. Hammill, D.W. Johnston, S.L.C. Lang, K.T. Murray, G.B. Stenson and S.A. Wood. 2020. Contrasting trends in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) pup production throughout the increasing northwest Atlantic metapopulation. Marine Mammal Science. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12773
Wood, S.A., K.T. Murray, E. Josephson and J. Gilbert. 2019. Rates of increase in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus atlantica) pupping at recolonized sites in the United States, 1988-2019. Journal of Mammalogy.
Hernandez, K.M., A.L. Bogomolni, J.H. Moxley, G.T. Waring, R.A. DiGiovanni Jr., M.O. Hammill, D.W. Johnston, L. Sette and M.J. Polito. 2019. Seasonal variability and individual consistency in gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) isotopic niches. Canadian Journal of Zoology 97(11): 1071–1077. DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0032.
Pace, R.M.III, E. Josephson, S.A. Wood, K. Murray and G. Waring (retired). 2019. Trends and patterns of seal abundance at haul-out sites in a gray seal recolonization zone. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS-NE 251; 17 p. DOI: 10.25923/qd3s-we77.
Martins, M.C.I., L. Sette, E. Josephson, A. Bogomolni, K. Rose, S.M. Sharp, M. Neimeyer and M. Moore. 2019 Unoccupied aerial system assessment of entanglement in Northwest Atlantic gray seals (Halichoerus grypus). Marine Mammal Science 35:1613–1624. DOI: 10.1111/mms.12590
Cammen, K.M., T.F. Schultz, W.D. Bowen, M.O. Hammill, W.B. Puryear, J. Runstadler, F.W. Wenzel, S.A. Wood and M. Kinnison. 2018. Genomic signatures of population bottleneck and recovery in Northwest Atlantic pinnipeds. Ecology and Evolution. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4143
Johnston, D.W., J. Dale, K.T. Murray, E. Josephson, E. Newton and S. Wood. Comparing occupied and unoccupied aircraft surveys of wildlife populations: assessing the gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) breeding colony on Muskeget Island, USA. 2017. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 5:178–191. DOI: 10.1139/juvs-2017-0012.
Puryear, W.B., M. Keogh, N. Hill, N, J. Moxley, E. Josephson, K.R. Davis, C. Bandoro, D., Lidgard, A. Bogomolni, M. Levin, S. Lang, M. Hammill, D. Bowen, D.W. Johnston, T. Romano, G. Waring and J. Runstadler. 2016. Prevalence of influenza A virus in live-captured North Atlantic gray seals: a possible wild reservoir. Emerging Microbes and Infections 5(8):e81. DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.77.
Wood, S.A., T.R. Frasier, B.A. McLeod, J.R. Gilbert, B.N. White, W.D. Bowen, M.O. Hammill, G.T. Waring and S. Brault. 2011. The genetics of recolonization: an analysis of the stock structure of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the northwest Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 89(6): 490–497. DOI: 10.1139/z11-012.
Right whale #3853 swimming north offshore of South Carolina on Jan. 20, 2011 with a series of fresh propeller wounds running across its back. The whale was observed 5 days previously offshore of Georgia without propeller wounds. It is unknown whether the whale survived its wounds or not, as it has not been re-sighted since. Vessel collisions are a leading cause of right whale mortality. Credit: EcoHealth Alliance (NOAA permit #594-1759).
North Atlantic right whale Catalog #3560 ‘Snow Cone’ sighted December 2, 2021 entangled and with a new calf. Photo credit: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission taken under NOAA permit 20556.
An oceanic whitetip shark swims near the surface of the water. Photo courtesy of John Carlson.
Right whale #3853 swimming north offshore of South Carolina on Jan. 20, 2011 with a series of fresh propeller wounds running across its back. The whale was observed 5 days previously offshore of Georgia without propeller wounds. It is unknown whether the whale survived its wounds or not, as it has not been re-sighted since. Vessel collisions are a leading cause of right whale mortality. Credit: EcoHealth Alliance (NOAA permit #594-1759).
North Atlantic right whale Catalog #3560 ‘Snow Cone’ sighted December 2, 2021 entangled and with a new calf. Photo credit: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission taken under NOAA permit 20556.
Four North Atllantic right whales.