Atlantic Yellowfin Tuna

U.S. wild-caught Atlantic yellowfin tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.

• Yellowfin tuna are torpedo-shaped.
• They are metallic dark blue on the back and upper sides, and change from yellow to silver on the belly.
• True to their name, their dorsal and anal fins and finlets are bright yellow.
• Yellowfin tuna can be distinguished from other tunas by their long, bright yellow dorsal fin and a yellow strip down the side. They are also more slender than bluefin tuna.

• Yellowfin tuna grow fairly fast, up to 400 pounds, and have a somewhat short life span of about 7 years.
• Most yellowfin tuna are able to reproduce when they reach age 2 or 3.
• In the western Atlantic, they spawn from May to August in the Gulf of Mexico and from July to November in the southeastern Caribbean. In the eastern Atlantic, they spawn from October to March in the Gulf of Guinea and from April to June off Senegal.
• Females spawn about once every 3 days during the spawning season. They produce an average of 1 million to 4 million eggs each time they spawn.
• Yellowfin tuna feed near the top of the food chain on fish, squid, and crustaceans.
• They are prey for top predators such as sharks and large fish.

• Yellowfin tuna are found near the surface of tropical and subtropical oceans around the world.

• NOAA Fisheries and the Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Division manage the Atlantic yellowfin tuna fishery in the United States.
• Managed under the 2006 Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Fishery Management Plan and amendments:
  • Commercial fishermen must have a permit to harvest yellowfin tuna.
  • Gear restrictions.
  • Time/area closures.
  • Minimum size limit.
  • Federal management for Atlantic tunas applies to state waters as well, except in Maine, Connecticut, and Mississippi. NOAA Fisheries periodically reviews these states’ regulations to make sure they’re consistent with federal regulations.
• Highly migratory species, such as yellowfin tuna, have complicated management that requires international cooperation.
• The United States participates in regional fisheries management organizations, such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), to enhance tuna management worldwide. NOAA Fisheries sets regulations for the U.S. western Atlantic yellowfin tuna fishery based on our science as well as conservation and management measures adopted by ICCAT.
• In 2011, ICCAT adopted new yellowfin tuna management standards that reduced the catch of small yellowfin off West Africa and brought other fishing nations closer to U.S. standards.
• In 2013, ICCAT adopted a measure to expand reporting requirements for tropical tuna fisheries using fish aggregating devices (FADs). The measure will improve data collection and allow ICCAT scientists to better characterize the fishing effort associated with FAD fishing.
• In 2000, the United States established the Dolphin-Safe Tuna Tracking and Verification Program to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any associated dolphin-safe claim.

• Commercial fishery:
  • U.S. landings of Atlantic yellowfin tuna represent a small percentage (less than 5 percent) of the total international landings of Atlantic yellowfin tuna.
  • In 2019, commercial landings of Atlantic yellowfin tuna totaled more than 1.86 million pounds and were valued at more than $6.2 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database. These figures may not match other agency sources of data due to confidential information.
  • Yellowfin tuna is the principal species of tropical tuna landed by U.S. fisheries in the western North Atlantic.
  • The majority of U.S. commercial landings come from the longline fleet operating in the northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean.
• Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
  • U.S. commercial fishermen primarily use longline, rod-and-reel, and handline gear to harvest Atlantic yellowfin tuna.
  • Pelagic longline gear and handgear (handline and rod-and-reel) used to catch yellowfin tuna have no impact on habitat because they’re used in the water column and don’t come into contact with the ocean floor.
  • Handgear is very selective so bycatch is minimal, but pelagic longlines can incidentally catch other fish and protected species such as marine mammals and sea turtles.
  • NOAA Fisheries has taken the following additional measures to prevent bycatch and sustainably manage this fishery. Fishermen are:
    • Required to use large circle hooks and certain types of bait that limit gear interactions with sea turtles. Circle hooks are specifically designed to minimize the damage caused by hooking, giving animals that are captured and released a better chance at survival.
    • Trained to use special techniques to safely dehook and release any incidentally caught turtles.
    • Required to stop fishing and move 1 nautical mile if they encounter a protected species.
    • Required to protect pilot whales and Risso's dolphins when fishing in the Mid-Atlantic Bight by limiting the length of their lines to 20 nautical miles and posting marine mammal handling/release guidelines on their vessels. In addition, if fishing in the Cape Hatteras Special Research Area, pelagic longliners must contact NOAA Fisheries at least 48 hours prior to a trip and carry observers if requested.
    • Required to use weak hooks in the Gulf of Mexico to reduce incidental catch of bluefin tuna and prohibited from using live bait to reduce bycatch of billfish.
    • Restricted from areas of the Gulf of Mexico to reduce bycatch of all species.
    • Required to carry vessel monitoring systems onboard their boats to ensure compliance with these closures.
    • Required to carry at-sea fisheries observers upon request. NOAA Fisheries reviews observer data to monitor protected species interactions and takes appropriate action as necessary.
• Recreational fishery:
  • A high proportion of landings are rod-and-reel catches by recreational anglers.
  • In 2019, recreational fishermen landed 43,400 pounds of yellowfin tuna.
  • Recreational fishermen enjoy catching yellowfin tuna because they’re large (up to 400 pounds) and they fight hard.
  • Recreational fishermen must have a permit to catch yellowfin tuna.
  • They have daily bag limits. However, catch, tag, and release is allowed.
  • Recreational fishing for highly migratory species such as yellowfin tuna provides significant economic benefits to coastal communities through individual angler expenditures, recreational charters, tournaments, and the shoreside businesses that support those activities.