Document
Vessel Level Annual Cost-Earnings Study of the Hawaii Offshore Handline Fishery and the Hawaii Small Boat Commercial Fishery, 2014
This study examines the economic performance of the offshore handline fishery and the Hawaii small…
Pacific Yellowfin Tuna
Pacific Yellowfin Tuna
Thunnus albacares
Also Known As
Ahi, Kihada
Quick Facts
Region
Pacific Islands,
West Coast
School of yellowfin tuna. Credit: Jeff Muir.
School of yellowfin tuna. Credit: Jeff Muir.
About the Species
U.S. wild-caught Pacific yellowfin tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Population
Above target population levels.
Fishing Rate
At recommended levels in the western and central Pacific Ocean and in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Habitat Impacts
Fishing gear used to catch Pacific yellowfin tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
Bycatch
Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
Population Status
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There are two stocks of Pacific yellowfin tuna: The Eastern Pacific stock and the Central and Western Pacific stock. According to the most recent stock assessments:
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The Eastern Pacific stock is not overfished and not subject to overfishing (2020 stock assessment). Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
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The Central and Western Pacific stock is not overfished and is not subject to overfishing (2020 stock assessment). Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
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Appearance
- Yellowfin tuna are torpedo-shaped.
- They are metallic dark blue on the back and upper sides and change from yellow to silver on the belly.
- True to their name, their dorsal and anal fins and finlets are bright yellow.
- An adult yellowfin tuna can be distinguished from other tunas by its long, bright-yellow dorsal fin and a yellow stripe down its side.
Biology
- Yellowfin tuna grow fast, up to 6 feet long and 400 pounds, and have a somewhat short life span of 6 to 7 years.
- Most yellowfin tuna are able to reproduce when they reach age 2.
- They spawn throughout the year in tropical waters and seasonally at higher latitudes.
- Their peak spawning periods are in spring and fall.
- Yellowfin are very productive. Females can spawn almost daily and release millions of eggs each time they spawn.
- Adult yellowfin tuna feed near the top of the food chain on fish, squid, and crustaceans.
- Fish, seabirds, dolphins, and other animals prey on larval and juvenile tuna.
- Marine mammals, billfish, and sharks feed on adult tuna.
Where They Live
- Yellowfin tuna are found in tropical and subtropical oceans around the world, including the waters around the U.S. Pacific Islands and off southern California.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific yellowfin tuna fishery on the West Coast.
- Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species:
- Fishermen are required to have permits and to record their catch in logbooks.
- Gear restrictions and operational requirements are in place to minimize bycatch.
- Large purse seine vessels that fish for tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean are required to have 100 percent observer coverage.
- All other commercial vessels based on the U.S. West Coast must carry a fishery observer, if requested by NOAA Fisheries.
- Longline fishing is prohibited within 200 miles of the U.S. West Coast.
- Annual training in safe handling and release techniques for protected species is required and all vessels must carry and use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
- NOAA Fisheries and Western Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the Pacific yellowfin tuna fishery in the Pacific Islands.
- Managed under the Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Pelagic Fisheries of the Western Pacific:
- Fishermen are required to have permits and to record catch in logbooks.
- Gear restrictions and monitoring requirements are in place to minimize bycatch and potential gear conflicts between different fisheries.
- A limit on the number of permits for Hawaii and American Samoa longline fisheries controls participation in the fishery.
- Longline fishing is prohibited in some areas to protect endangered Hawaiian monk seals, reduce conflicts between fishermen, and prevent localized stock depletion (when a large number of fish are removed from an area).
- These areas are enforced through NOAA Fisheries’ vessel monitoring system program (longline boats must be equipped with a satellite transponder that provides real-time position updates and tracks vessel movements).
- Hawaii-based and American Samoa–based longline vessels must carry onboard observers when requested by NOAA Fisheries, in part to record interactions with sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals.
- Annual training in safe handling and release techniques for protected species is required and all vessels must carry and use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
- Management of highly migratory species, like Pacific yellowfin tuna, is complicated because the species migrate thousands of miles across international boundaries and are fished by many nations.
- Effective conservation and management of this resource requires international cooperation as well as strong domestic management.
- Two international organizations, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), manage this fishery internationally. Working with the U.S. Department of State, NOAA Fisheries domestically implements the IATTC and WCPFC conservation and management measures.
- Under the South Pacific Tuna Treaty, U.S. purse seine vessels operating throughout the western and central Pacific Ocean must be registered and are monitored through logbooks, cannery landing receipts, national surveillance activities, observers, and port sampling.
- Purse seiners in the eastern Pacific Ocean also operate under the International Dolphin Conservation Program, a multilateral agreement aimed at reducing and minimizing bycatch of dolphins and undersize tuna.
- In 2000, the United States established the Dolphin-Safe Tuna Tracking and Verification Program to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any associated dolphin-safe claim.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- U.S. harvest of yellowfin tuna in the Pacific Ocean makes up only a small percentage of the yellowfin tuna harvested worldwide.
- In 2020, commercial landings of Pacific yellowfin tuna totaled 8 million pounds and were valued at more than $16 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Fishermen based in Hawaii, American Samoa, and the U.S. Pacific Islands target Pacific yellowfin tuna with hook-and-line, pelagic longline, or troll fishing gear.
- U.S. commercial purse seine fishermen in the western and central Pacific Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean also harvest yellowfin tuna.
- There is a small U.S. purse seine fleet operating in the eastern Pacific Ocean that sometimes targets Pacific yellowfin tuna when warm water from the south brings the species within their range.
- Fishing gear used to catch Pacific yellowfin tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
- Restrictions on the type of fishing gear that can be used and prohibitions on fishing in certain areas minimize impacts on protected species.
- Interactions with protected species such as sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds in these fisheries are rare and survival rates are estimated to be high for all gear types.
- Longline fishermen are trained in safe handling and release techniques for sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals, and they carry and use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
- Scientists and managers continue to monitor bycatch in these fisheries through logbooks and fishery observer programs.
- Management measures are in place to minimize bycatch of juvenile Pacific yellowfin tuna.
- Recreational fishery:
- In 2020, recreational anglers landed approximately 4.5 million pounds of Pacific yellowfin tuna, according to the NOAA Fisheries recreational fishing landings database.
- Recreational anglers fish for yellowfin tuna with troll, rod-and-reel, and handline gear and sometimes by free-diving with spear guns.
- Off California, anglers must be licensed and daily bag limits are in place. Recreational charter boats must keep logbooks of their catch.
- There are no federal regulations for recreational fishing off Hawaii and U.S. Pacific Island territories, but local rules may apply.
Featured News
The IATTC adopted new three-year management measures for tropical tunas including yellowfin caught by purse seine and longline vessels in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Credit: Shutterstock/Al McGlashan
Grilled tuna lemon with mayo. Credit: North Carolina Sea Grant/Vanda Lewis.