Document
Endangered Species Status Review of Queen Conch, Strombus gigas (Linnaeus 1758)
This document summarizes and synthesizes biological information covering queen conch, Strombus…
Queen Conch
Queen Conch
Strombus gigas
Also Known As
Conch, Pink conch, Carrucho, Caracol Reina, Lobatus gigas
Quick Facts
Region
Southeast
About the Species
U.S. wild-caught queen conch is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed under a rebuilding plan that allows limited harvest by U.S. fishermen.
In December 2019, NOAA Fisheries initiated a status review of this species under the Endangered Species Act. Learn more about the queen conch as a candidate species under the ESA.
Population
Significantly below target population levels. Rebuilding plan is in place.
Fishing Rate
At recommended level.
Habitat Impacts
Primarily harvested by hand, so there is little impact on habitat.
Bycatch
Primarily harvested by hand, so the fishery is very selective and there is little, if any, bycatch.
Population Status
- According to the 2009 stock assessment queen conch are overfished, but are not subject to overfishing based on 2019 catch data.
Appearance
- Queen conch have a large, conical shell that typically ranges in size from 6 to 9 inches, but can reach a maximum size of 12 inches.
- The shell has blunt spikes and is typically orange, but often looks gray because it’s covered in algae and debris. The inside of the lip ranges from bright orange to pink.
- Queen conch have long eye stalks and a large, tube-like mouth (proboscis) that it can pull into its shell if threatened.
- As older juveniles mature, they develop a large lip on their shell that continues to thicken as the animal ages.
Biology
- Queen conch can live a long time, up to 30 years.
- They grow up to 12 inches in length and can weigh up to 5 pounds.
- They are able to reproduce when they reach 3 to 4 years old, when they develop their flared lip.
- Queen conch spawns from spring through the summer, in shallower water areas with clean coral sand. Both males and females mate with multiple individuals, and eggs are fertilized internally.
- Females lay long egg masses containing hundreds of thousands of eggs on patches of bare sand or occasionally seagrass. Eggs hatch after about 72 hours.
- Larval conch feed on plankton before settling to the ocean bottom. Adults feed on algae, incidentally ingesting bits of seagrass, macroalgae, sediment, and small bottom-dwelling animals in the process.
- Crabs, turtles, sharks, and rays feed on queen conch.
Where They Live
- Queen conch are found throughout the Caribbean and in the Gulf of Mexico, south Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Caribbean Fishery Management Council manage the queen conch fishery in federal waters. The governments of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgins Islands manage the queen conch fishery in their territorial waters.
- Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for Queen Conch Resources of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in federal waters, and under Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands regulations in territorial waters:
- Commercial and recreational harvest is generally banned in U.S. federal waters.
- Seasonal and area closures protect juvenile and spawning conch.
- Annual catch limits.
- Daily commercial trip limits, recreational bag limits, and minimum size limits apply to queen conch harvest in both federal and territorial waters.
- Annual quota for harvest of queen conch in territorial waters of the U.S. Virgin Islands.
- Requirements to keep queen conch attached to the shell in federal waters and when landed in the U.S. Virgin Islands allow for effective counting by enforcement agents.
- The International Queen Conch Initiative was established by resource managers from Caribbean countries to coordinate international management of queen conch in the region.
Harvest
- The United States is a major importer of queen conch, due to the limited harvest allowed in federal waters and U.S. Virgin Islands territorial waters.
- Commercial landings of queen conch meat from Puerto Rico and St. Thomas/St. John (territorial waters) and St. Croix (federal and territorial waters) in 2019 was 160,000 and were valued at $1 million according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Queen conch are primarily caught by hand, so there is minimal impact on habitat and little bycatch.
- The queen conch fishery has a long tradition in the Caribbean region. The meat is sold either fresh or dried and the shells are used in pottery and jewelry.
Scientific Classification
| Kingdom | Animalia | Phylum | Mollusca | Class | Gastropoda | Order | Littorinimorpha | Family | Strombidae | Genus | Strombus | Species | gigas |
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Featured News
Inside Naguabo Queen Conch Hatchery in Puerto Rico. From left to right – Victoria Cassar, Hatchery Manager; Raimundo Espinoza, Executive Director, Conservación ConCiencia and Co-PI on SK NOAA grant; Megan Davis, Research Professor, Florida Atlantic University Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute and PI on SK NOAA grant.