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Species Directory

Atlantic Spiny Dogfish

Overview Management Recreational Fishing Commercial Fishing Exempted Fishing Science Resources

Atlantic Spiny Dogfish

Squalus acanthias

atlantic_spiny_dogfish_shark.png
Also Known As
Dogfish shark, Cape dogfish, Cape shark, Spring dogfish, Spiked dogfish, Grayfish, Spur dog, Piked dogfish

Quick Facts

Region
New England/Mid-Atlantic, Southeast
Fish Watch. U.S. Seafood Facts Logo
750x500-spiny-dogfish-NOAA.jpg

About The Species

The Atlantic spiny dogfish fishery operates from Maine to Florida and from inshore to offshore waters on the edge of the continental shelf. The spiny dogfish fishery uses predominantly bottom gillnets, with lesser amounts caught by trawls and hook gear. There is little consumer demand for spiny dogfish in the United States, but it is commonly used in Europe as the fish in 'fish and chips.' U.S. wild-caught Atlantic spiny dogfish is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations. Implementing regulations are found at 50 CFR part 648 subpart L.

Population Status Icon

Population Level

Below target population levels.

Fishing Status Icon

Fishing Status

At recommended levels.

Habitat Impacts Icon

Habitat Impacts

Area closures and gear restrictions protect habitats affected by some kinds of trawl gear.

Bycatch Icon

Bycatch

Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.

Status

  • According to the 2018 stock assessment, Atlantic spiny dogfish are not overfished and are not subject to overfishing. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
  • Scientists project that the number of mature females may decline somewhat in the coming years due to the low number of pups born during the 1990s when spiny dogfish were heavily fished. This potential decline is not expected to result in the stock becoming overfished.

Appearance

  • Spiny dogfish are slim, with a narrow, pointed snout and characteristic white spots.
  • They are gray above and white below.
  • They have two dorsal fins with ungrooved large spines.
  • Males grow up to 3.3 feet, and females grow up to 4 feet.

Biology

  • Like all sharks, dogfish grow slowly, mature late in life, and live a long time (35 to 40 years).
  • Females grow larger and mature later than males—they’re first able to reproduce at age 12 compared to males at age 6.
  • They spawn in winter in offshore waters.
  • Females have between two and 12 eggs per spawning season. The eggs are fertilized internally and, after a gestation period of 18 to 24 months, female dogfish bear live young (an average of six pups).
  • They are opportunistic feeders, preying on whatever is most available.
  • Smaller spiny dogfish tend to feed primarily on crustaceans, while larger dogfish like to eat jellyfish, squid, and schooling fish.
  • Dogfish are preyed upon by cod, red hake, goosefish, other spiny dogfish, larger sharks, seals, and orcas.

Where They Live

  • Spiny dogfish are found in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, mostly in the temperate and subarctic areas. In the Northwest Atlantic, they are found from Labrador to Florida and are most abundant between Nova Scotia and Cape Hatteras.

Management

  • NOAA Fisheries, the Mid-Atlantic and New England Fishery Management Councils, and the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission manage the Atlantic spiny dogfish fishery.
  • The Mid-Atlantic Council leads the joint management of the Spiny Dogfish Fishery Management Plan:
    • Fishermen must have a permit to harvest spiny dogfish.
    • Annual catch limits and a commercial quota are set.
    • Trip limits used to control the catch rate.
  • The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission implements the Interstate Fishery Management Plan for Spiny Dogfish in state waters, establishing complementary regulations to the federal regulations.

Featured News

Spiny dogfish are a small species of shark.  Spiny dogfish have little consumer demand in the U.S. They are a major seafood export to Europe, where they are commonly used as the fish in "fish and chips".
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Spiny Dogfish Eat Atlantic Cod: DNA May Provide Some Answers

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Seriously Useful Seafood Tips: Fish and Other Wild-Caught Seafood

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2489685551_820853fe9d_o.jpg
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Are All U.S. Sharks Overfished?

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Southeast
National
Pelagic Blacktip shark in open water .
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U.S.-Caught Sharks Are a Sustainable Food Choice

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Recreational Fishing Regulations

There are currently no recreational possession restrictions for spiny dogfish caught in federal waters. Recreational anglers must still comply with minimum fish size regulations for all recreational fisheries.

Recreational anglers will need to get a general recreational fishing license either through your state or through NOAA Fisheries to fish recreationally for marine species. Find out how to get a permit or visit recreational fishing pages for more information.

More Information

  • e-CFR for Spiny Dogfish Fishery Regulations
  • Greater Atlantic Recreational Fishing

Commercial Fishing Regulations

Possession and Size Requirements

The federal commercial trip limit for spiny dogfish is 6,000 lb. Only one trip may be made each calendar day.

There are no fish size limits in the spiny dogfish.

Note: Individual states may set more restrictive possession limits. Please check with your state fisheries agency.

Current Spiny Dogfish Specifications (May 1, 2020-April 30, 2021)

Acceptable Biological Catch (ABC) 31.142 million lb
Annual Catch Limit (ACL) 31.034 million lb
Commercial Quota 23.194 million lb

 

Reporting A Commercial Catch

Catch Reporting and Vessel Trip Reports (VTR)

VTRs must be submitted with a record of all fishing activity for each month. The reports must be submitted to NOAA fisheries or postmarked within 15 days after the end of the reporting month. Copies of VTRs must be retained on board the vessel for 1 year after the date of the last entry on the log and otherwise retained for 3 years after the date of the last entry on the log. Reports can also be submitted electronically through our online reporting page.

Vessel Monitoring System (VMS)

The commercial spiny dogfish fishery does not specifically require VMS. However, vessels must abide by Northeast multispecies, scallop, or monkfish regulations if fishing on a day-at-sea (DAS) for one of those fisheries. Unless fishing on a Northeast multispecies sector trip, a vessel holding a federal fishing permit that requires an operating VMS must declare ‘out of fishery’ (DOF) through their VMS before starting a trip to fish for, possess, or land spiny dogfish in an exempted area or fishery not requiring a DAS.

Other Reporting Information

The commercial spiny dogfish fishery does not have any Interactive Voice Response (IVR) or specific observer requirements. However, vessels must abide by Northeast multispecies, scallop, or monkfish regulations if fishing on a DAS for one of those fisheries. Additionally, all federally permitted vessels are obligated to carry an observer if randomly selected by the National Observer Program.

Commercial Gear Information

In general, unless exempted, spiny dogfish vessels fishing in federal waters are subject Northeast multispecies (groundfish) regulations, regardless of whether or not they also have a NE multispecies permit. Under these regulations, there are four regulated mesh areas (RMA) that control the gear that can be used in each area (see map): Gulf of Maine (GOM); Georges Bank (GB); Southern New England (SNE); and Mid-Atlantic (MA).

RMA map.JPG

 

Within these RMAs, vessels fishing with gillnets and trawl gear must abide by the minimum mesh sizes required by the NE multispecies regulations. This consists of essentially a 6.5-inch minimum mesh size for square of diamond mesh for both trawl and gillnet gear in all RMAs. In the gillnet fishery, nets may not be longer than 300 ft / 91.4 m / 50 fathoms in length.

Vessels holding a limited access Northeast multispecies permit, and not on a Northeast multispecies sector trip, must also comply with the Northeast multispecies Restricted Gear Areas (RGAs). More information on RGAs can be found on our Northeast multispecies pages and regulations.

More information on the gears allowed and involved with spiny dogfish fishery exemptions can be found on the Exempted Fishing tab on this page.

In addition to the gear requirements above, protected species requirements may also apply, depending on the season and area being fished.

More Information

  • e-CFR for Spiny Dogfish Fishery Regulations
  • Quota Monitoring
  • Fishing Industry Home Page

Subsistence Fishing Regulations

Exempted Fishing

What is an Exempted Fishery?

Exempted fisheries allow vessels to fish for specific species without being subject to certain Northeast multispecies regulations, including days-at-sea, provided the bycatch of regulated species is minimal. To be approved and implemented, exemption programs must have demonstrated that incidental catch of Northeast multispecies is less than five percent of the total catch, by weight, and that the exemption will not jeopardize fishing mortality objectives.

Spiny Dogfish Fishery Exemptions

Within the Gulf of Maine (GOM) and Georges Bank (GB) Regulated Mesh Areas (RMA) there are six exempted fishing areas that are summarized in the table below. More specific details for each area can be found on the linked pages within the table. A Letter of Authorization (LOA) is required to participate in some of these exempted fishing areas. LOAs can be obtained from our Permits Office at 978-282-8438, or online on the permits site.

Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank Spiny Dogfish Exemption Areas

Area Name Season Gear Allowed LOA Required?
Nantucket Shoals Dogfish Exemption Area June 1 - October 15 Trawl, gillnet Yes
Cultivator Shoal Whiting Fishery Exemption Area June 15 - October 31 Trawl Yes
Small Mesh Areas 1 & 2 SMA 1: July 15 - November 15
SMA 2: January 1 - June 30
Trawl No
Raised Footrope Trawl Whiting Fishery Areas September 1 - November 20 / December 31 Trawl Yes
GOM/GB Dogfish Gillnet Exemption Area July 1 - August 31 Gillnet No
Cape Cod Spiny Dogfish Exemption Areas June 1 - August 31 / December 31 Gillnet, Longline, Handgear No

There are two exempted fishing areas in the Southern New England (SNE) RMA and one exempted fishing area in the Mid-Atlantic (MA) RMA that are summarized in the table below.  More specific details for each area can be found on the linked pages within the table.

Southern New England and Mid-Atlantic Spiny Dogfish Exemption Areas

Area Name Season Gear Allowed LOA Required?
SNE Exemption Area (includes part of the GB RMA) Year round Trawl No
SNE Dogfish Gillnet Exemption Area May 1 - October 31 Gillnet No
MA Exemption Area (includes part of the SNE RMA) Year round Trawl, gillnet No

 

All vessels fishing for spiny dogfish in federal waters must also comply with closed areas for other fisheries, including Northeast multispecies, unless they are fishing with gear that has been deemed 'exempt' and unable to catch those controlled species.

Exempted gear that has been defined as not capable of catching Northeast multispecies includes the following: Pelagic hook and line, pelagic longline, spears, rakes, diving gear, cast nets, tong, harpoons, weirs, dipnets, stop nets, pound nets, pelagic gillnets, pots and traps, shrimp trawls (with properly configured grates), and surfclam/ocean quahog dredges.

Management Overview

The Atlantic spiny dogfish fishery is jointly managed in state and federal waters by the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (lead) and the New England Fishery Management Council, in conjunction with the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. NOAA Fisheries serves as the implementing body for rules and regulations within the fishery.

The fishing year runs from May 1 through April 30, with NOAA Fisheries Greater Atlantic Region jurisdiction covering spiny dogfish from Maine to North Carolina. The fishery is managed using a coastwide annual quota and possession limits.

While there are no specified management areas for the fishery, vessels fishing for spiny dogfish in federal waters must also comply with closed areas for NE multispecies and other fisheries, unless using gear defined as not capable of catching NE multispecies or in an exempted fishing area. There are several exempted fishing areas defined for the spiny dogfish fishery, which you can learn more about on the Exempted Fishing tab on this page.

Control Date for the Spiny Dogfish Fishery: May 18, 1998


Specifications/Quotas

The Spiny Dogfish Fishery Management Plan (FMP) requires the annual specification of catch and harvest limits for up to five years at a time. If specifications are not in place at the start of the fishing year, the existing specifications roll over until new regulations are finalized.

Current Spiny Dogfish Specifications (May 1, 2020-April 30, 2021)

Acceptable Biological Catch (ABC) 31.142 million lb
Annual Catch Limit (ACL) 31.034 million lb
Commercial Quota 23.194 million lb

 

Inseason Actions

If the coast-wide commercial spiny dogfish quota is fully harvested, then the commercial spiny dogfish fishery will be closed.

Accountability Measures (AM)

If the spiny dogfish ACL is exceeded, the exact amount in pounds by which the ACL was exceeded shall be deducted, as soon as possible, from a subsequent single fishing year ACL.


Regulatory History

  • Late 1980s – Atlantic spiny dogfish fishery develops rapidly as international markets opened due to a rapid decline in European dogfish stocks.
  • 1990 – Landings recorded at more than 30 million pounds (13,608 metric tons), tripling the landings in 1989.
  • 1995-1999 – Landings average 50 million pounds (22,680 metric tons) annually.
  • 1998 – Spiny dogfish classified as overfished as a result of an increased directed fishery, due to the decline in abundance of traditional groundfish.
  • 2000 – Spiny Dogfish Fishery Management Plan implemented, establishing management of Atlantic spiny dogfish fisheries and initiating stock rebuilding.
  • 2006 – Framework 1 created a mechanism for specification of multi-year management measures.
  • 2007 – Amendment 1 standardized bycatch reporting methodology.
  • 2008 – Spiny dogfish estimated to be above the target biomass level.
  • 2009 – Framework 2 built flexibility into process to define and update status determination criteria; NOAA Fisheries increases quota from 3 million to 12 million pounds and trip limit from 600 to 3,000 pounds for 2009 fishing year.
  • 2010 – Spiny dogfish are declared rebuilt; catch levels for the dogfish fishery increase from 12 million pounds to 15 million pounds in 2010.
  • 2011 – Amendment 2 established annual catch limits and accountability measures; NOAA Fisheries increases catch levels for the dogfish fishery by 33% to 20 million pounds.
  • 2014 – Amendment 3 established a new Research Set-Aside program and rollover of specifications from one year to the next, as well as eliminated the seasonal allocation of quota.
  • 2015 – Amendment 4 implemented Standardized Bycatch Reporting Methodology.
  • 2017 – Amendment 5 implemented management measures to prevent the development of new, and the expansion of existing, commercial fisheries on certain forage species in the Mid-Atlantic.
  • 2018 – Framework 3 established a process for setting constant multi-year acceptable biological catch (ABC) limits. This action also clarifies the process for setting ABCs for each of the four types of ABC control rules.

More Information

  • e-CFR for Spiny Dogfish Fishery Regulations
  • Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council Spiny Dogfish Page
  • Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Spiny Dogfish Page
  • New England Fishery Management Council Spiny Dogfish Page
  • Spiny Dogfish Fishery Management Plan
  • Spiny Dogfish Permits Page
  • Fishing Industry Home Page

Science Overview

The most recent stock assessment for Atlantic spiny dogfish was in 2011, where the stock was declared not overfished and overfishing was not occurring. The next assessment for spiny dogfish is scheduled for 2021.

 

Research, Surveys, & Data

Spiny Dogfish Stock Status Based on Most Recent (2011) Stock Assessment
Biomass (B) 475 million lb (2012)
BMSY Proxy 351 million lb
B / ½ BMSY Proxy 2.71
Overfished Definition The stock is overfished when B < ½ BMSY
Overfished? No
Fishing Mortality Rate (F) 0.114 (2011)
FMSY 0.467
F/FMSY 0.2439
Overfishing Definition Overfishing occurs when F > FMSY
Overfishing? No
Current Rebuilding Program? No. Spiny Dogfish stock declared rebuilt in 2010
Next Stock Assessment Benchmark assessment scheduled for 2021

Research & Data

Atlantic Red Drum Fishery Harvest or Possession Prohibition Area

This dataset depicts the boundaries of the Atlantic Red Drum Fishery…
PDF Metadata Shapefile
October 07, 2019 - Map ,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
This is the chart for the Atlantic Red Drum Fishery Harvest or Possession Prohibition Area.

Southern New England Little Tunny Gillnet Exemption Area

Map depicting boundaries of the SNE Little Tunny Gillnet Exemption Area in…
PDF Metadata Shapefile
September 13, 2019 - Map ,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
SNE_Little_Tunny_Gillnet_Exemption_Area_MAP.jpg

Nantucket Shoals Dogfish Fishery Exemption Area Map & GIS

Map depicting Nantucket Shoals Dogfish Fishery Exemption Area in the…
PDF Metadata Shapefile
September 12, 2019 - Map ,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Nantucket_Shoals_Dogfish_Fishery_Exemption_Area_MAP.jpg

Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Dogfish and Monkfish Gillnet Fishery Exemption Area Map & GIS

Map depicting Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Dogfish Gillnet Fishery Exemption…
PDF Metadata Shapefile
September 12, 2019 - Map ,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
GOM-GB_Dogfish_and_Monkfish_Gillnet_Fishery_Exemption_Area_MAP.jpg
View More

More Information

  • NEFSC Stock Assessments
  • Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Spiny Dogfish Page
  • Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council Spiny Dogfish Page
  • New England Fishery Management Council Spiny Dogfish Page

Data & Maps

Map

Southern New England Regulated Mesh Area

New England/Mid-Atlantic
Map

Southern New England Dogfish Gillnet Exemption Area

New England/Mid-Atlantic
Map

Raised Footrope Trawl Whiting Fishery Exemption Areas

New England/Mid-Atlantic
Map

Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Regulated Mesh Areas

New England/Mid-Atlantic
More Data and Maps

Research

Peer-Reviewed Research

Apex Predator Publications and Reports – Spiny Dogfish

Publications and reports that include information on the spiny dogfish.

New England/Mid-Atlantic
More Research
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