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Species Directory

Pacific Bigeye Tuna

Overview Seafood Resources
U.S. wild-caught Pacific bigeye tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.

Pacific Bigeye Tuna

Thunnus obesus

Side-profile of bigeye tuna fish with shiny white on bottom and mid of body and yellow and dark blue on top. Tail fin is dark gray while other fins are more tan. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Jack Hornady
Also Known As
Bigeye, `Ahi, Mabachi

Quick Facts

Region
Pacific Islands, West Coast
Fish Watch. U.S. Seafood Facts Logo
Bigeye tuna fish (Thunnus obesus) placed on ground and showing silvery white sides and belly, dark blue upper back, and yellow finlets with black edges near its tail fin. Bigeye tuna fish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Allen Shimada

Bigeye tuna fish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Allen Shimada

About the Species

Bigeye tuna fish (Thunnus obesus) placed on ground and showing silvery white sides and belly, dark blue upper back, and yellow finlets with black edges near its tail fin. Bigeye tuna fish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Allen Shimada

Bigeye tuna fish. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Allen Shimada

U.S. wild-caught Pacific bigeye tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.

Population Status Icon

Population

The stocks are not overfished.

Fishing Status Icon

Fishing Rate

Not subject to overfishing.

Habitat Impacts Icon

Habitat Impact

Fishing gear used to catch bigeye tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.

Bycatch Icon

Bycatch

Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.

Population Status

  • There are two stocks of Pacific bigeye tuna: the Western and Central Pacific stock and the Eastern Pacific stock. According to the most recent stock assessments:
    • The Western and Central Pacific stock is not overfished and not subject to overfishing (2023 stock assessment). Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
    • The Eastern Pacific stock is not overfished and is not subject to overfishing (2024 stock assessment). Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
  • Since hitting a low in 2004, the Eastern Pacific population has been increasing in abundance and is now above its target population level. The increase is partly due to international tuna conservation measures, which established time/area closures for the purse seine fleets and instituted catch quotas in the longline fleets.

Appearance

  • Bigeye tuna are dark metallic blue on the back and upper sides and white on the lower sides and belly.
  • The first fin on their back is deep yellow, the second dorsal and anal fins are pale yellow, and the finlets are bright yellow with black edges.
  • Bigeye and yellowfin tuna look fairly similar. In fact, it’s hard to distinguish the two species without experience.
  • Among other characteristics, the bigeye’s eyes are larger than the yellowfin’s and their finlets have black edges.

Biology

  • Bigeye tuna grow fast and can reach about 6.5 feet in length.
  • They live 7 to 8 years and are able to reproduce when they are 3 years old.
  • Bigeye tuna spawn throughout the year in tropical waters and seasonally in cooler waters.
  • They’re able to spawn almost daily, releasing millions of eggs each time.
  • Eggs are found in the top layer of the ocean, buoyed at the surface by a single oil droplet until they hatch.
  • Bigeye tuna feed near the top of the food chain, preying on fish, crustaceans, and squid.
  • They are prey for many top predators, including larger tunas and billfish.

Where They Live

Range

  • Bigeye tuna are found throughout the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, including the waters around the U.S. Pacific Islands and off southern California. 

Habitat

  • Bigeye tuna are highly migratory and travel long distances throughout the ocean.
  • They favor water temperatures between 55° and 84° F.
  • Juvenile and small adult bigeye tuna school at the surface, sometimes with skipjack and juvenile yellowfin tunas.
  • Schools of bigeye tuna may associate with floating objects or large, slow-moving marine animals such as whale sharks or manta rays.
  • Bigeye tuna also group together near seamounts and submarine ridges.

Fishery Management

  • NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage this fishery on the West Coast.
  • Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for U.S. West Coast Fisheries for Highly Migratory Species:
    • Fishermen are required to have permits and to record catch in logbooks.
    • Gear restrictions and operational requirements are in place to minimize bycatch.
    • Large purse seine vessels that fish for tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean are required to have 100 percent observer coverage.
    • All other commercial vessels based on the U.S. West Coast must carry an observer if requested by NOAA Fisheries.
    • Longline fishing is prohibited within 200 miles of the U.S. West Coast.
    • Annual training in safe handling and release techniques for protected species is required and all vessels must carry and use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
  • NOAA Fisheries and Western Pacific Fishery Management Council manage this fishery in the Pacific Islands.
  • Managed under the Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Pelagic Fisheries of the Western Pacific:
    • Fishermen are required to have permits and to record catch in logbooks.
    • Gear restrictions and operational requirements are in place to minimize bycatch and potential gear conflicts among different fisheries.
    • A limit on the number of permits for Hawaii and American Samoa longline fisheries controls participation in the fishery.
    • Longline fishing is prohibited in some areas to protect endangered Hawaiian monk seals, reduce conflicts between fishermen, and prevent localized stock depletion (when a large number of fish are removed from an area).
    • These areas are enforced through the NOAA Fisheries vessel monitoring system program (longline boats must be equipped with a satellite transponder that provides real-time position updates and tracks vessel movements).
    • Hawaii-based and American Samoa–based longline vessels must carry onboard observers when requested by NOAA Fisheries, in part to record interactions with sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals.
    • Annual training in safe handling and release techniques for protected species is required and all vessels must carry and use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
  • Management of highly migratory species, like Pacific bigeye tuna, is complicated because the species migrate thousands of miles across international boundaries and are fished by many nations.
  • Effective conservation and management of this resource requires international cooperation as well as strong domestic management.
  • Two international organizations, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), manage this fishery internationally. Working with the U.S. Department of State, NOAA Fisheries domestically implements the IATTC and WCPFC conservation and management measures.
  • Under the South Pacific Tuna Treaty, U.S. purse seine vessels operating throughout the western and central Pacific Ocean must be registered and are monitored through logbooks, cannery landing receipts, national surveillance activities, observers, and port sampling.
  • Purse seiners in the eastern Pacific Ocean also operate under the International Dolphin Conservation Program, a multilateral agreement aimed at reducing and minimizing bycatch of dolphins and undersize tuna.
  • In 2000, the United States established the Dolphin-Safe Tuna Tracking and Verification Program to monitor the domestic production and importation of all frozen and processed tuna products nationwide and to authenticate any associated dolphin-safe claim.

Harvest

  • Commercial fishery:
    • The majority of U.S.-caught bigeye tuna comes from Hawaii, although a substantial amount is also harvested by U.S. purse seine vessels and landed in American Samoa or other countries for canning.
    • In 2023, commercial landings of Pacific bigeye tuna totaled 14.5 million pounds and were valued at $71 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
  • Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
    • Fishermen based in Hawaii, American Samoa, and the U.S. Pacific Islands target Pacific bigeye tuna with hook-and-line, pelagic longline, or troll fishing gear
    • U.S. commercial purse seine fishermen in the western and central Pacific also harvest bigeye tuna.
    • The U.S. coastal purse seine fleet operating in the eastern Pacific Ocean typically fish off California for small pelagic species such as sardine and anchovy and sometimes catch bigeye tuna when warm water from the south brings bigeye tuna within their range.
    • Fishing gear used to catch Pacific bigeye tuna rarely contacts the seafloor so habitat impacts are minimal.
    • Restrictions on the type of fishing gear that can be used, and prohibitions on fishing in certain areas, minimize impacts on protected species.
    • Interactions with protected species such as sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds in these fisheries are rare and survival rates are estimated to be high for all gear types.
    • Longline fishermen are trained in safe handling and release techniques for sea turtles, seabirds, and marine mammals, and they carry and use specific equipment for handling and releasing these animals.
    • Scientists and managers continue to monitor bycatch in these fisheries through logbooks and fishery observer programs.
    • Management measures are in place to minimize bycatch of juvenile Pacific bigeye tuna.
  • Recreational fishery:
    • Off California, anglers must be licensed and daily bag limits are in place. Recreational charter boats must keep logbooks of their catch.
    • There are no federal regulations for recreational fishing off Hawaii and U.S. Pacific Island territories, but local rules may apply.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Actinopterygii
Order Scombriformes
Family Scombridae
Genus Thunnus
Species obesus

Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 04/03/2025


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Related Species

Side-profile of bigeye tuna fish with shiny white on bottom and mid of body and yellow and dark blue on top. Tail fin is dark gray while other fins are more tan. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Jack Hornady

Atlantic Bigeye Tuna

Side-profile illustration of an albacore tuna with big eyes and torpedo-shaped body. Bottom half of body is silvery white, dark blue on top/back, and lighter blue laterally. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Jack Hornady

Pacific Albacore Tuna

Side-profile illustration of an albacore tuna with big eyes and torpedo-shaped body. Bottom half of body is silvery white, dark blue on top/back, and lighter blue laterally. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Jack Hornady

North Atlantic Albacore Tuna

Side-profile illustration of a bluefin tuna fish with silvery white bottom half and blue and green on top half and back. Bluefin tuna fish have small yellow fins from second dorsal to tail fin. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Jack Hornady

Pacific Bluefin Tuna

Seafood Facts

Fishwatch Logo

Is Pacific Bigeye Tuna Sustainable?

U.S. wild-caught Pacific bigeye tuna is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.

Environmental Impact Icon

Availability

Year-round.

Feeds Icon

Source

U.S. wild-caught from Hawaii, California, U.S. Pacific Island territories, and the high seas.

Farming Methods Icon

Taste

Bigeye tuna has a mild, meaty flavor, with a higher fat content than yellowfinand is preferred by sashimi lovers.

Human Health Icon

Texture

Firm and moist, with large flakes.

Human Health Icon

Color

Bigeye tuna meat has a reddish-pink color.

Human Health Icon

Health Benefits

Bigeye tuna is low in saturated fat and sodium and is rich in niacin, vitamins B6 and B12, selenium, and phosphorous.

Nutrition Facts

Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 113 g; Calories: 130; Protein: 27 g; Total Fat: 2 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 0.5 g; Carbohydrate: 0 g; Total Sugars: 0 g; Total Dietary Fiber: 0 g; Cholesterol: 45 mg; Selenium: 160% daily value; Sodium: 70 mg

More Information

  • Sustainable Seafood
  • Sign Up for "Taste of the Tides" Newsletter

Bigeye (Ahi) Tuna Recipes

Bigeye (ahi) tuna is prized for its sashimi and makes a delicious seared tuna steak. If you need cooking inspiration, browse these recipes for seared tuna, tuna ceviche, and more!

Read More
A plate of white rice, sliced jalapenos, bakchoy, and slices of seasoned and seared tuna.

Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 04/03/2025


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Documents

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Evaluation of Electronic Monitoring Pre-implementation in the Hawaiʻi-based Longline Fisheries

The Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) is currently evaluating how to effectively use…

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Vessel Level Annual Cost-Earnings Study of the Hawaii Offshore Handline Fishery and the Hawaii Small Boat Commercial Fishery, 2014

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Data & Maps

Data

American Samoa Longline Logbook Reports 2023

Logbook summary reports for the 2023 calendar year.

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Data

American Samoa Longline Logbook Reports 2022

Logbook summary reports for the 2022 calendar year.

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Data

Hawaii and California Longline Logbook Reports 2022

Logbook summary reports for the 2022 calendar year.

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Data

Hawaii and California Longline Logbook Reports 2021

Logbook summary reports for the 2021 calendar year.

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Research

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Hedonic Price Model of Hawaiʻi ʻAhi Tuna (Thunnus obesus and Thunnus albacares) Market: Implications of Climate Change and Shark Depredation

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Seamount Effects on Micronekton at a Subtropical Central Pacific Seamount

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Last updated by NOAA Fisheries on 04/03/2025

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