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Species Directory

Risso’s Dolphin

Overview Conservation & Management Science Resources

Risso’s Dolphin

Grampus griseus

Risso's dolphin illustration

Protected Status

CITES Appendix II
Throughout Its Range
SPAW Annex II
Throughout the Wider Caribbean Region
MMPA Protected
Throughout Its Range

Quick Facts

Weight
660 to 1,100 pounds
Lifespan
35 years or more
Length
8.5 to 13 feet
Threats
Entanglement in fishing gear, Hunting, Ocean noise, Environmental contamination
Region
Alaska, New England/Mid-Atlantic, Pacific Islands, Southeast, West Coast
See Regulatory Actions
Risso's dolphin jumping out of the water.

About The Species

Risso's dolphins, sometimes called gray dolphins, are found in the temperate and tropical zones of all the world’s oceans. These cetaceans generally prefers deeper offshore waters, especially near the continental shelf edge and slope, where they can dive to at least 1,000 feet and hold their breath for 30 minutes. They are also very active on the ocean surface.

Risso's dolphins are typically found in groups of between 10 and 30 animals, though they have been reported as solitary individuals, in pairs, or in loose aggregations in the hundreds or thousands. Occasionally, this species associates with other dolphins and whales. They are sometimes considered part of a subfamily referred to as “blackfish,” which also includes false killer whales, pygmy killer whales, melon-headed whales, long-finned pilot whales, and short-finned pilot whales.

Risso’s dolphins in the United States are not endangered or threatened. Like all marine mammals, they are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. NOAA Fisheries and its partners are working to conserve Risso’s dolphins and further our understanding of this species through research and conservation activities.

Status

NOAA Fisheries estimates population size for each stock of Risso’s dolphin in its stock assessment reports. A stock is a group of animals that occupy the same area and interbreed.

Protected Status

CITES Appendix II

  • Throughout Its Range

SPAW Annex II

  • Throughout the Wider Caribbean Region

MMPA Protected

  • Throughout Its Range

Appearance

Risso's dolphins have a robust body with a narrow tailstock. These medium-sized cetaceans can reach lengths of approximately 8.5 to 13 feet and weigh 660 to 1,100 pounds. Males and females are usually about the same size. They have a bulbous head with a vertical crease and an indistinguishable beak. They have a tall, curved, sickle-shaped dorsal fin located mid-way down their back.

Calves have a dark cape and saddle, with little or no scarring on their body. As Risso's dolphins age, their coloration lightens from black, dark gray, or brown to pale gray or almost white. Adult bodies are usually heavily scarred, with scratches from teeth raking between dolphins, as well as circular markings from prey (e.g., squid), cookie-cutter sharks, and lampreys. Mature adults swimming just under the water's surface usually appear white.

Risso’s dolphins have two to seven pairs of peg-like teeth in the front of their lower jaw to capture prey and usually none in their upper jaw. This low number of teeth is unusual when compared with other cetaceans.

Behavior and Diet

Risso's dolphins are typically found in groups that average between 10 and 30 animals, but they have been reported as solitary individuals, in pairs, or in loose aggregations of hundreds and thousands. Occasionally, this species associates with other dolphins and whales, such as bottlenose dolphins, gray whales, northern right whale dolphins, and Pacific white-sided dolphins.

When at the surface, they have a small inconspicuous blow if backlit (which is more distinct after long dives), and their head partially emerges at a 45° angle. Before diving, they usually take 10 to 12 breaths at 15- to 20-second intervals and will often display their tails (known as flukes). Risso’s dolphins are very active on the surface, often leaping out of the water, slapping their flippers or tails on the water surface, and raising their heads vertically out of the water. They occasionally porpoise—or move in and out of the water in a series of high-speed leaps—most often when being pursued or hunted by predators.

Risso's dolphins can dive to at least 1,000 feet and hold their breath for 30 minutes, but they usually make shorter dives of just a few minutes. They feed on fish (e.g., anchovies), krill, and cephalopods (e.g., squid, octopus, and cuttlefish) mainly at night, when their prey is closer to the surface. Most of their diet consists of squid, and they have been known to move into continental shelf waters when following their preferred prey.

Where They Live

Risso's dolphins have a cosmopolitan distribution, meaning they can be found worldwide in temperate, subtropical, and tropical oceans and seas from latitudes 64° north to 46° south. Their preferred habitats appear to be mid-temperate waters of the continental shelf and slope between 30° and 45° latitude. They prefer deeper waters (3,300 feet) with steep bottom topography, but they are known to inhabit shallower coastal areas.

In the Northern Hemisphere, their range includes the Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Mexico, Newfoundland, Azores, Norway, Japan, Russia, and Red Sea. They are known to inhabit the Mediterranean Sea but are rare in the Black Sea. They do not appear to inhabit the Persian Gulf and some other very shallow, enclosed bodies of water. In the Southern Hemisphere, their range includes Argentina, Australia, Chile, South Africa, and New Zealand.

Little or nothing is known of their migration patterns or movements, but Risso’s dolphins may be affected by movements of spawning squid and oceanographic conditions.

Lifespan & Reproduction

Risso’s dolphins have an estimated lifespan of at least 35 years. We do not know much about their reproduction. Individuals become sexually mature when they reach a length of about 8.5 to 9 feet. Breeding and calving may occur year-round and the gestation period lasts approximately 13 to 14 months. The peak of the breeding and calving season may vary geographically (especially in the North Pacific), with most animal births occurring from summer to fall in Japanese waters and from fall to winter in California waters. Newborn calves are usually 3.5 to 5.5 feet in length and weigh about 45 pounds.

Threats

Entanglement in Fishing Gear

One of the main threats to Risso’s dolphins is becoming entangled or captured in commercial fishing gear such as gillnets, longlines, and trawls.

Hunting

Risso’s dolphins are directly hunted for meat and oil in Indonesia, Japan, the Caribbean (the Lesser Antilles), Sri Lanka, and the Solomon Islands.

Ocean Noise

Underwater noise threatens dolphin populations, interrupting their normal behavior and driving them away from areas important to their survival. Increasing evidence suggests that exposure to intense underwater sound in some settings may cause some dolphins to strand and ultimately die.

Contaminants

Contaminants enter ocean waters from many sources, including oil and gas development, wastewater discharges, urban runoff, and other industrial processes. Once in the environment, these substances move up the food chain and accumulate in predators at the top, such as Risso’s dolphins. Because of their long lifespan and blubber stores, Risso’s dolphins accumulate contaminants including trace metals and organochlorines like PCBs and DDTs in their bodies, threatening their immune and reproductive systems. Coastal populations are generally are more susceptible.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Cetacea
Family Delphinidae
Genus Grampus
Species griseus

What We Do

Conservation & Management

All Risso’s dolphins are protected under the MMPA. Our work protects Risso’s dolphins by:

  • Reducing interactions with commercial fishing gear.
  • Issuing take reduction plans and implementing regulations to reduce serious injuries and mortalities.
  • Minimizing the effects of vessel disturbance, noise, and other types of human impacts.
Learn more about our conservation efforts

Science

Our research projects have helped us better understand Risso’s dolphins and the challenges they face. Our work includes:

  • Stock assessments.
  • Aerial surveys.
  • Shipboard surveys.
Learn more about our research

How You Can Help

Keep your distance

Keep Your Distance

Be responsible when viewing marine life in the wild.

Observe all dolphins and porpoises from a safe distance of at least 50 yards and limit your time spent observing to 30 minutes or less.

Learn more about our marine life viewing guidelines >

Marine Life In Distress

Report Marine Life in Distress

Report a sick, injured, entangled, stranded, or dead animal to make sure professional responders and scientists know about it and can take appropriate action. Numerous organizations around the country are trained and ready to respond. Never approach or try to save an injured or entangled animal yourself—it can be dangerous to both the animal and you.

Learn who you should contact when you encounter a stranded or injured marine animal >

Report a Violation

Report a Violation

Call the NOAA Fisheries Enforcement Hotline at (800) 853-1964 to report a federal marine resource violation. This hotline is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for anyone in the United States.

You may also contact your closest NOAA Office of Law Enforcement field during regular business hours.

In the Spotlight

Management Overview

Like all marine mammals, the Risso’s dolphin is protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. NOAA Fisheries is working to conserve this species to ensure populations remain stable.

Dolphin jumping from water.

Risso's dolphin jumping from the water. Photo: NOAA Fisheries.


Conservation Efforts

Reducing Entanglement in Fishing Gear

Risso’s dolphins are caught as bycatch in fishing gear, leading to deaths and serious injuries. In 2005, NOAA Fisheries convened the Atlantic Pelagic Longline Take Reduction Team to address bycatch of Risso's dolphins in the mid-Atlantic region of the Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. The team submitted its recommendations for reducing bycatch to NOAA in 2006. NOAA Fisheries published a proposed rule to implement the Pelagic Longline Take Reduction Plan on June 24, 2008, and NOAA Fisheries published a final rule (74 FR 23349) on May 19, 2009.

Learn more about bycatch and fisheries interactions

Overseeing Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response

We work with volunteer networks in all coastal states to respond to marine mammal strandings. When stranded animals are found alive, NOAA Fisheries and its partners assess the animal’s health. When stranded animals are found dead, our scientists work to understand and investigate the cause of death. Although the cause often remains unknown, scientists can sometimes identify strandings due to disease, harmful algal blooms, vessel strikes, fishing gear entanglements, pollution exposure, and underwater noise. Some strandings can serve as indicators of ocean health, giving insight into larger environmental issues that may also have implications for human health and welfare.

Learn more about the Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program

Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events

Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, an unusual mortality event (UME) is defined as "a stranding that is unexpected; involves a significant die-off of any marine mammal population; and demands immediate response." To understand the health of marine mammal populations, scientists study unusual mortality events.

Get information on active and past UMEs

Get an overview of marine mammal UMEs

Addressing Ocean Noise

Underwater noise threatens whale and dolphin populations, interrupting their normal behavior and driving them away from areas important to their survival. Increasing evidence suggests that exposure to intense underwater sound in some settings may cause some dolphins to strand and ultimately die. NOAA Fisheries is investigating all aspects of acoustic communication and hearing in marine animals, as well as the effects of sound on dolphin behavior and hearing. In 2016, we issued technical guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic (human-caused) sound on marine mammal hearing.

Learn more about ocean noise

 

Regulatory History

Risso’s dolphins are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act.

In 1999, the United States signed on as a Party to the Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program. In addition to other requirements, the AIDCP mandates the establishment of an international tuna tracking program for tuna caught in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The program helps minimize dolphin deaths during fishing for tuna destined for canning.

The International Dolphin Conservation Program Act (PDF, 19 pages) amended the MMPA to make the objectives and requirements of the AIDCP legally effective in the United States.

Key Actions and Documents

Actions & Documents Incidental Take

Incidental Take Authorization: Ørsted Wind Power North America, LLC Site Characterization Survey off New York to Massachusetts

NOAA Fisheries has issued an incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to Ørsted Wind Power North America, LLC, (Ørsted) to incidentally harass, by Level B harassment only, marine mammals during marine site characterization surveys in coastal waters…
  • Correction to Notice of Issued IHA
  • Notice of Issued IHA
  • Notice of Proposed IHA
  • Issued IHA, (pdf, 13 pages)
  • Application (pdf, 89 pages)
  • Biological Opinion (pdf, 256 pages)
  • Amendment to Biological Opinion (pdf, 19 pages)
  • Public Comment (23 pages)
  • References (pdf, 13 pages)
Notice
,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Published
10/08/2020

Incidental Take Authorization: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Marine Geophysical Survey in the Aleutian Islands

NOAA Fisheries has issued an incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University (L-DEO) to incidentally harass marine mammals during a marine geophysical survey in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.   …
  • Notice of Issued IHA
  • Notice of Proposed IHA
  • Issued IHA (pdf, 18 pages)
  • Application (pdf, 126 pages)
  • Final Environmental Assessment
  • Finding of No Significant Impact (pdf, 14 pages)
  • Public Comments (external link)
  • References (pdf, 6 pages)
Notice
,
Alaska
Effective
09/01/2020

Incidental Take Authorization: Equinor Wind, LLC Marine Site Characterization Surveys off of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York and

NOAA Fisheries has issued an incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to Equinor Wind, LLC to incidentally harass, by Level B harassment only, marine mammals during site characterization surveys off the coast in the Atlantic Ocean in the area of the…
  • Notice of Issued IHA
  • Notice of Proposed IHA
  • Issued IHA (pdf, 12 pages)
  • Application (pdf, 81 pages)
  • Public Comments (pdf, 31 pages)
  • References (pdf, 14 pages)
Notice
,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Effective
09/20/2020

Incidental Take Authorization: Dominion Energy Virginia Marine Site Characterization Surveys off of Coastal Virginia

NOAA Fisheries has issued a modified incidental harassment authorization (IHA) to Dominion Energy Virginia (Dominion) to incidentally harass marine mammals incidental to marine site characterization surveys conducted in the areas of the Commercial…
  • Notice of Issued Modified IHA
  • Notice of Proposed Modified IHA
  • Notice of Issued IHA
  • Notice of Proposed IHA
  • Issued Modified IHA (pdf, 13 pages)
  • Issued IHA (pdf, 14 pages)
  • Application (pdf, 196 pages)
  • Public Comments on Initial IHA (pdf, 33 pages)
  • Public Comments on Modified IHA (pdf, 5 pages)
  • References (pdf, 14 pages)
Notice
,
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Published
12/17/2020
  • Current page 1
  • Page 2
  • Page 3
  • …
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  • Next

More Information

  • Marine Mammal Protection
  • Marine Life Viewing Guidelines
  • International Marine Mammal Conservation
  • Marine Mammal Permits and Authorizations

Science Overview

NOAA Fisheries conducts various research activities on the biology, behavior, and ecology of Risso’s dolphins. The results of this research are used to inform management decisions for this species.

Two dolphins swimming in calm wawters.

Risso's dolphins seen swimming in calm water during the 2017 Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey. Photo: NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center/Marie Hill.

Stock Assessments

Determining the size of Risso’s dolphin populations helps resource managers determine the success of NOAA Fisheries’ conservation measures. Our scientists collect and present these data in annual stock assessment reports. 

Shipboard Studies

NOAA Fisheries conducts research cruises to collect information on dolphin stocks, such as habit preferences and feeding ecology. For example, NOAA Fisheries has used oceanic research vessels to perform surveys of Risso’s dolphin movements and distribution. Information from this research can be used in management actions to protect these animals.

Aerial Surveys

Scientists have used small aircraft to observe and record Risso’s dolphin numbers and distribution. Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center conducts population estimates every 2 to 5 years to monitor the health, status, and trends of the population in its region. By comparing numbers collected over multiple years, scientists can spot trends, such as whether the population is increasing, decreasing, or remaining stable.

More Information

  • Map of Risso's Dolphin Sightings
  • Population Assessments
  • Scientific Research Permitting

Recent Science Blogs

Research

The HICEAS Adventures Continue: Two Ships Join Forces to Search for Whales and Dolphins in Hawaiian Waters

Research
12_Risso'sDs.jpg
View More

Documents

Document

Injury Determinations for Marine Mammals Observed Interacting With Hawaii and American Samoa Longline Fisheries During 2015–2016

Marine mammal interactions (i.e., hookings and entanglements) with the Hawaii and American Samoa…

Pacific Islands
More Documents
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