Bocaccio
Bocaccio
Sebastes paucispinis
Also Known As
Bocaccio, Rock Salmon, Salmon Rockfish, Pacific Red Snapper, Pacific Snapper, Oregon Red Snapper, Oregon Snapper, Longjaw, Merou, Jack, Snapper, Rock Cod, Rockfish
Quick Facts
Weight
Up to 21 pounds
Length
Up to 3 feet
Lifespan
Approximately 50 years
Threats
Fishing,
Habitat degradation and loss of bull kelp habitat,
Bycatch,
Derelict fishing gear
Region
Alaska,
West Coast
Fisherman shows fished bocaccio. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
Fisherman shows fished bocaccio. Credit: NOAA Fisheries
About the Species
Bocaccio are large Pacific coast rockfish that are slow-growing, late to mature, and long-lived. They range from Punta Blanca, Baja California, to the Gulf of Alaska off Krozoff and the Kodiak Islands, but are most common between Oregon and northern Baja California. Having struggled to recover from overfishing, the Puget Sound/Georgia Basin distinct population segment of bocaccio is listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Non-ESA listed populations of bocaccio are harvested in commercial and recreational fisheries off the West Coast and Alaska.
Learn about the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery off the West Coast
Population
Above target population level.
Fishing Rate
At recommended levels.
Habitat Impacts
Area closures and gear restrictions protect sensitive rocky, cold-water coral and sponge habitats from bottom trawl gear.
Bycatch
Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
Population Status
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There are three stocks of bocaccio: southern Pacific coast, one stock contained in a stock complex along the northern Pacific coast, and one stock contained in a stock complex in the Gulf of Alaska. According to the most recent stock assessments:
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The southern Pacific coast stock is not overfished (2017 stock assessment) and not subject to overfishing based on 2020 catch data. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART. This stock had been overfished and was successfully rebuilt in 2017.
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Bocaccio is managed as part of the Minor Shelf Rockfish North Complex, but has not been assessed so the overfished status is unknown. The complex is not subject to overfishing based on 2020 catch data.
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Bocaccio is managed as part of the Gulf of Alaska Other Rockfish Complex and has been assessed, but there is not enough information to determine the population size so the overfished status is unknown (2021 stock assessment). This complex is not subject to overfishing based on 2021 catch data. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
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Appearance
- Bocaccio can grow up to three feet long and weigh up to 21 pounds.
- They are identifiable based on their long jaw, which extends to or past the eye socket.
- Young bocaccio are light bronze with small brown spots along their sides. As they grow older, they lose their spots and darken.
- Adult bocaccio have backs that are olive, burnt-orange or brown as adults. They have pink and red stomachs.
Biology
- Bocaccio is a species of rockfish. Rockfishes are unusual among the bony fishes in that fertilization and embryo development is internal and female rockfish give birth to live larval young.
- Like most other species of rockfish, bocaccio are long-lived. Bocaccio mature and begin to reproduce between ages 4 and 7 years old, and they can live to be 50 years old.
- Bocaccio larvae are opportunistic feeders. Early on, larvae mostly eat copepod nauplii and eat some invertebrate eggs. As they grow, larvae start eating copepodites, adult copepods, and euphausiids.
- Within the first year of their lives, bocaccio begin foraging on other young fishes.
- Adult bocaccio mostly eat fish. Their preferred meal is other rockfishes, but they will also eat sablefish, anchovies, lantern fish and squid.
- Female bocaccio may spawn one to three times per season. They are highly fecund for rockfish and have been recorded with anywhere from 290 thousand up to 1.9 million eggs in the ovaries at one time.
- In the Southern California Bight, Bocaccio spawn from October to July, peaking in January. Off central and northern California, Bocaccio spawn from January to May and peak in February.
Where They Live
Range
- Bocaccio are found between Punta Blanca, Baja California, and the Gulf of Alaska off Krozoff and Kodiak Islands. Within this range, bocaccio is most common between Oregon and northern Baja California.
- There are two partially isolated populations; one southern population centered in California, and one northern population centered in British Columbia.
Habitat
- As bocaccio age, they switch from free-swimming pelagic habitat to bottom-oriented demersal habitat.
- Larvae and young-of-the-year bocaccio live in the upper layers of the ocean for several months.
- Juveniles settle nearshore in bottom habitats, such as rocky areas or kelp forests, and form schools.
- As juveniles mature, they move offshore to greater depths.
- Adult bocaccio primarily inhabit rocky habitats from 130 to 980 feet deep. They also live on coral and sponge reefs, and even artificial structures such as oil platforms.
- Several sources describe bocaccio as a midwater species during at least part of its adult phase.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the bocaccio fishery on the West Coast.
- Along the southern Pacific coast, bocaccio are managed as a single stock. Along the northern Pacific coast, they are managed as part of the northern Pacific coast minor shelf rockfish complex.
- Managed under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan:
- Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
- Limit on how much may be harvested in one fishing trip.
- Certain seasons and areas are closed to fishing.
- Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
- A trawl rationalization catch share program that includes:
- Catch limits based on the population status of each fish stock and divided into shares that are allocated to individual fishermen or groups.
- Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to catch their share.
- NOAA Fisheries and the North Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the bocaccio fishery in the Gulf of Alaska. Bocaccio are managed as part of the other rockfish complex.
- Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Gulf of Alaska:
- There is no directed fishing for this species in Alaska, and only minor amounts are landed incidentally in other fisheries.
- Permits are required.
- Bottom contact gear is prohibited in the Gulf of Alaska Coral and Alaska Seamount Habitat Protection Areas to protect sensitive habitat.
- Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch.
- Annual catch limits are in place to prevent overfishing.
- Managed under the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Bocaccio are managed as part of the other rockfish complex, but they are not present in significant numbers.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery
- In 2021, commercial landings of bocaccio totaled 800,000 pounds and were valued at approximately $360,000, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Gear types, habitat impacts and bycatch
- Bottom trawl gear is the predominant fishing gear used to catch bocaccio.
- Bottom trawls may sometimes catch other species of fish, including overfished and protected species.
- Gear restrictions, closed areas, and catch share programs limit when, where, and how much trawl fishermen can harvest to reduce bycatch of other species.
- Rockfish conservation areas eliminate fishing in areas on the West Coast where overfished rockfish species co-occur with target stocks, like canary rockfish. These closed areas help prevent bycatch of overfished rockfish.
- Recreational fishery
- Bocaccio is an important recreational fish in state waters.
- In 2021, recreational anglers landed 185,000 pounds of bocaccio, according to the NOAA Fisheries recreational fishing landings database.
- State agencies encourage anglers to avoid catching rockfish intentionally, to deep-water release all released rockfish, and to relocate if they unintentionally catch rockfish.
- Bocaccio are found between Punta Blanca, Baja California, and the Gulf of Alaska off Krozoff and Kodiak Islands. Within this range, bocaccio is most common between Oregon and northern Baja California.
- There are two partially isolated populations; one southern population centered in California, and one northern population centered in British Columbia.
- As bocaccio age, they switch from free-swimming pelagic habitat to bottom-oriented demersal habitat.
- Larvae and young-of-the-year bocaccio live in the upper layers of the ocean for several months.
- Juveniles settle nearshore in bottom habitats, such as rocky areas or kelp forests, and form schools.
- As juveniles mature, they move offshore to greater depths.
- Adult bocaccio primarily inhabit rocky habitats from 130 to 980 feet deep. They also live on coral and sponge reefs, and even artificial structures such as oil platforms.
- Several sources describe bocaccio as a midwater species during at least part of its adult phase.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the bocaccio fishery on the West Coast.
- Along the southern Pacific coast, bocaccio are managed as a single stock. Along the northern Pacific coast, they are managed as part of the northern Pacific coast minor shelf rockfish complex.
- Managed under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan:
- Permits and limited entry to the fishery.
- Limit on how much may be harvested in one fishing trip.
- Certain seasons and areas are closed to fishing.
- Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch and impacts on habitat.
- A trawl rationalization catch share program that includes:
- Catch limits based on the population status of each fish stock and divided into shares that are allocated to individual fishermen or groups.
- Provisions that allow fishermen to decide how and when to catch their share.
- NOAA Fisheries and the North Pacific Fishery Management Council manage the bocaccio fishery in the Gulf of Alaska. Bocaccio are managed as part of the other rockfish complex.
- Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Gulf of Alaska:
- There is no directed fishing for this species in Alaska, and only minor amounts are landed incidentally in other fisheries.
- Permits are required.
- Bottom contact gear is prohibited in the Gulf of Alaska Coral and Alaska Seamount Habitat Protection Areas to protect sensitive habitat.
- Gear restrictions help reduce bycatch.
- Annual catch limits are in place to prevent overfishing.
- Managed under the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. Bocaccio are managed as part of the other rockfish complex, but they are not present in significant numbers.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery
- In 2021, commercial landings of bocaccio totaled 800,000 pounds and were valued at approximately $360,000, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Gear types, habitat impacts and bycatch
- Bottom trawl gear is the predominant fishing gear used to catch bocaccio.
- Bottom trawls may sometimes catch other species of fish, including overfished and protected species.
- Gear restrictions, closed areas, and catch share programs limit when, where, and how much trawl fishermen can harvest to reduce bycatch of other species.
- Rockfish conservation areas eliminate fishing in areas on the West Coast where overfished rockfish species co-occur with target stocks, like canary rockfish. These closed areas help prevent bycatch of overfished rockfish.
- Recreational fishery
- Bocaccio is an important recreational fish in state waters.
- In 2021, recreational anglers landed 185,000 pounds of bocaccio, according to the NOAA Fisheries recreational fishing landings database.
- State agencies encourage anglers to avoid catching rockfish intentionally, to deep-water release all released rockfish, and to relocate if they unintentionally catch rockfish.
Featured News
Cowcod dwell at depths up to 1,500 feet or more where they experience the high pressure of the surrounding water. Scientists attached tags to some fish to track their survival. Photo credit: NOAA Fisheries/SWFSC/Fisheries Research Division
A type of rockfish, bocaccio take 20 years to mature and can live longer than 120 years. Credit: Adam Obaza/Paua Marine Research Group.
A large school of young-of-the-year rockfish swims off Whidbey Island in Washington. Photo by Tabitha Jacobs-Mangiafico
Rockfish are susceptible to barotrauma when brought to the surface, with symptoms including "pop–eye". Photo: NOAA Fisheries
Related Species
Seafood Overview
Is Bocaccio Sustainable?
U.S. wild-caught bocaccio is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
Availability
Year-round.
Source
U.S. wild-caught from California to Alaska.
Taste
Delicate, nutty, sweet flavor.
Texture
Lean and medium-firm, with a fine flake.
Color
Whole fish should have shiny and bright skin. The raw flesh is white, but turns opaque white when cooked.
Health Benefits
Low in saturated fat and very high in selenium, phosphorus, and potassium.
Nutrition Facts
Servings: 1; Serving Weight: 100 g (raw); Calories: 90; Protein: 18.36 g; Total Fat: 1.34 g; Total Saturated Fatty Acids: 0.34 g; Cholesterol: 50 mg; Selenium: 63 mcg; Sodium: 74 mgSeafood News
Rainbow in the dusk sky at San Diego Harbor. Credit: NOAA/Liana Heberer.
The NOAA Aquaculture Strategic Plan (2023–2028) includes goals and objectives to sustainably develop the aquaculture industry in the United States. Credit: NOAA Aquaculture Program
Raw oysters on plate. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.
Satellite image showing fine sediments and phytoplankton over the shallow nearshore waters and continental shelf of northern Gulf of Alaska, March 13, 2008. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory, NASA image by Norman Kuring, MODIS Ocean Color Team