Chinook Salmon
Chinook Salmon
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Also Known As
King salmon, Spring salmon, Tyee, Winter, Quinnat, Blackmouth
Quick Facts
Region
Alaska,
West Coast
About the Species
U.S. wild-caught Chinook salmon is a smart seafood choice because it is sustainably managed and responsibly harvested under U.S. regulations.
NOAA Fisheries works in cooperation with federal, state, tribal, and Canadian officials to manage these commercial, recreational, and tribal harvest of salmon and steelhead in ocean and inland waters of the West Coast and Alaska. To learn more about management of these fisheries, visit our West Coast and Alaska fisheries management pages.
However, some Chinook salmon are also protected under the Endangered Species Act. Learn more about protected Chinook salmon.
Population
There are numerous stocks of Chinook salmon. Some are above target population levels, others below. Some are wild and some are hatchery-raised, but all are managed using strict regulations to balance the needs of people and other marine life.
Fishing Rate
Managers set fishing rates to avoid jeopardizing the survival and recovery of Chinook salmon stocks that are below their target levels.
Habitat Impacts
Fishing gear used to catch Chinook salmon rarely contacts the ocean floor and has little impact on habitat. In the U.S., the key habitat issue for salmon recovery is restoring quality salmon habitat that once supported robust and thriving salmon runs.
Bycatch
Regulations are in place to minimize bycatch.
Population Status
- Alaska:
- In Alaska, the status of Chinook salmon stocks varies.
- Some stocks are in decline, while others are steady or increasing.
- None are listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
- According to the 2017 stock assessment, the Eastern North Pacific Far North Migrating stock is not overfished and not subject to overfishing. Summary stock assessment information can be found on Stock SMART.
- West Coast:
- The status of Chinook stocks in California and the Pacific Northwest varies.
- Some stocks are in decline, while others are steady or increasing.
- As of 2020, two populations of Chinook salmon are listed as endangered, and seven are listed as threatened under the ESA.
- Summary 2020 stock assessment information for all West Coast Chinook salmon stocks can be found on Stock SMART.
- Populations are affected by:
- Changes in ocean and climatic conditions.
- Habitat loss from dam construction and urban development.
- Degraded water quality from agricultural and logging practices.
- Population conservation efforts include:
- Captive-rearing in hatcheries.
- Removal and modification of dams that obstruct salmon migration.
- Restoration of degraded habitat.
- Acquisition of key habitat.
- Improvements to water quality and instream flow.
- The Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund supports the restoration of salmon species.
Appearance
- When they’re in the ocean, Chinook salmon are blue-green on the back and top of the head with silvery sides and white bellies.
- They have black spots on the upper half of the body and on both lobes of the tail fin.
- Chinook salmon also have a black pigment along the gum line, thus the nickname "blackmouth."
- In fresh water, when they are about to spawn, Chinook change to olive brown, red, or purplish. This color change is particularly evident in males.
- Spawning adult males can be distinguished by their hooked upper jaw.
- Females can be distinguished by a torpedo-shaped body, robust mid-section, and blunt nose.
- Juveniles in fresh water (fry) have well-developed parr marks on their sides (the pattern of vertical bars and spots useful for camouflage).
- Before juveniles migrate to the sea, they lose their parr marks and gain the dark back and light belly characteristic of fish living in open water.
Biology
- Chinook salmon are anadromous—they hatch in freshwater streams and rivers then migrate out to the saltwater environment of the ocean to feed and grow.
- Chinook salmon are the largest of the Pacific salmon, hence the name “king salmon.”
- They can grow as long as 4.9 feet and up to 129 pounds, but typical length and weight of mature fish are about 3 feet and 30 pounds.
- They spend a few years feeding in the ocean, then return to their natal streams or rivers to spawn, generally in summer or early fall.
- Chinook salmon sexually mature between the ages of 2 and 7 but are typically 3 or 4 years old when they return to spawn.
- Chinook dig out gravel nests (redds) on stream bottoms where they lay their eggs.
- All Chinook salmon die after spawning.
- Young Chinook salmon feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans.
- Older Chinook primarily feed on other fish.
- Fish (such as whiting and mackerel) and birds eat juvenile Chinook salmon.
- Marine mammals, such as orcas and sea lions, and sharks eat adult salmon.
- Salmon are also primary prey for Southern Resident killer whales, an endangered species.
- After salmon spawn and die, salmon carcasses are a valuable source of energy and nutrients to the river ecosystem. Carcasses have been shown to improve newly hatched salmon growth and survival by contributing nitrogen and phosphorous compounds to streams.
Where They Live
- In North America, Chinook salmon range from the Monterey Bay area of California to the Chukchi Sea area of Alaska.
Fishery Management
- NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council manage Chinook salmon on the West Coast.
- Managed under the Pacific Coast Salmon Plan:
- Every year, the council reviews reports of the previous fishing season and current estimates of salmon abundance. Using this information, they make recommendations for management of the upcoming fishing season.
- Their general goal is to allow fishermen to harvest the maximum amount of salmon that will support the fishery while preventing overharvest of the resource and ensuring that salmon populations with low abundance can rebuild.
- Specific management measures vary year to year depending on current salmon abundance, and include size limits, season length, quotas, and gear restrictions.
- Management of Chinook salmon must also comply with laws such as the Endangered Species Act. One of the threats to recovery of endangered Southern Resident killer whales on the West Coast is the availability of their preferred prey, Chinook salmon. Every year the fishery management council considers the prey needs of this endangered population before setting commercial fishing catch limits for Chinook. Read more
- Final recommendations are implemented by NOAA Fisheries. Check here for the current season’s management. State and tribal managers use council management recommendations to shape their policies for inland fisheries, to ensure that conservation objectives are met.
- NOAA Fisheries and the North Pacific Fishery Management Council manage Chinook salmon in Alaska.
- Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for Salmon Fisheries in the EEZ off the Coast of Alaska:
- All management of the salmon fisheries in federal waters is delegated to the State of Alaska, which is also responsible for managing the commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries for salmon in state waters. This ensures that management is consistent throughout salmon’s range.
- Managers regulate the fishery based on escapement goals to ensure harvests are sustainable. They want enough salmon to be able to escape the fishery and return to fresh water to spawn and replenish the population.
- Salmon fishery management largely relies on in-season assessment of how many salmon return to fresh water to spawn.
- Managers set harvest levels based on these returns. When abundance is high and the number of fish returning is much higher than that needed to meet escapement goals, harvest levels are set higher.
- In years of low abundance, harvest levels are lowered.
- During the fishing season, scientists monitor catch and escapement, comparing current returns with those from previous years, to keep an eye on abundance and actively manage the fishery.
- All management of the salmon fisheries in federal waters is delegated to the State of Alaska, which is also responsible for managing the commercial, recreational, and subsistence fisheries for salmon in state waters. This ensures that management is consistent throughout salmon’s range.
- Off the West Coast and in Alaska, the Pacific Salmon Treaty and the Pacific Salmon Commission help coordinate management, research, and enhancement of shared U.S. and international salmon stocks, including Chinook.
Harvest
- Commercial fishery:
- In 2019, U.S. commercial landings of Chinook salmon totaled approximately 9.9 million pounds and were valued at $43 million, according to the NOAA Fisheries commercial fishing landings database.
- Most of the Chinook in the U.S. market comes from U.S. and Canadian fisheries.
- Gear types, habitat impacts, and bycatch:
- Chinook salmon are harvested using a variety of gear types.
- Troll vessels catch salmon by "trolling" their lines with bait or lures through groups of feeding fish.
- To retrieve hooked fish, the lines are wound on spools by hand or hydraulically, and the fish are pulled aboard when alongside the vessel.
- The troll fishery produces low-volume, high-quality product.
- Chinook are also harvested in commercial seine and gillnet fisheries (described here), both in fisheries targeting stocks of Chinook and as bycatch in fisheries targeting other species of salmon.
- Fishing gear used to catch Chinook salmon rarely contacts the ocean floor and has little impact on habitat.
- Bycatch is low and usually consists of other salmon species.
- Recreational fishery:
- Chinook salmon are a favorite catch of recreational fishermen.
- Recreational fishermen use a variety of fishing gear to harvest Chinook salmon.
- To ensure recreational fisheries are sustainable, West Coast anglers are only allowed to keep a certain number of salmon per fishing trip.
- In Alaska, regulations vary by area and individual fisheries.
- Recreational fisheries in high-use areas (Cook Inlet, Southeast Alaska, Copper River) are regulated through management plans that allocate fish between competing commercial and recreational fishermen.
- Subsistence fishery:
- Salmon is an important source of spiritual and physical sustenance for Western Indian tribes and Alaska natives, and salmon are culturally important to many other residents of these areas.
- Subsistence fishermen use a variety of fishing gear to harvest Chinook salmon.
Featured News
NOAA VCC intern Kolten Ollum collected Chinook salmon and steelhead parr from the South Fork of the Salmon River and carried the fish to a NOAA field station using an oxygenated holding tank backpack frame. Credit: NOAA Fisheries.
A late-migrating spring run Chinook salmon from one of the few Northern California creeks that remain without dams. Credit: Jeremy Notch/UC Santa Cruz.
Fence installation along a tributary of the Shasta River. Credit: Erika Nortemann.
Science Overview
NOAA Fisheries conducts various research activities on the biology, behavior, and ecology of chinook salmon. The results of this research are used to inform management decisions for this species.
Dive Deeper Into Our Research
Chinook Salmon in Alaska
Juveniles of the five Pacific salmon species.
Our work to forecast salmon harvests, assess the impact of commercial fisheries on salmon, and evaluate how salmon populations respond to environmental changes enable us to estimate abundance and trends for chinook salmon in Alaska.
