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Chinook Salmon (Protected)
Chinook Salmon (Protected)
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Protected Status
ESA Endangered
Sacramento River winter-run
ESA Endangered
Upper Columbia River spring-run
ESA Threatened
California coastal
ESA Threatened
Central Valley spring-run
ESA Threatened
Lower Columbia River
ESA Threatened
Puget Sound
ESA Threatened
Snake River fall-run
ESA Threatened
Snake River spring/summer-run
ESA Threatened
Upper Willamette River
ESA Candidate
Upper Klamath-Trinity River
ESA Candidate
Oregon Coast spring-run
ESA Candidate
Southern Oregon and Northern California Coastal spring-run
ESA Experimental Population
Central Valley spring-run in the San Joaquin River XN
ESA Experimental Population
Upper Columbia River spring-run in the Okanogan River subbasin XN
Chinook salmon are anadromous fish, which means they can live in both fresh and saltwater. Chinook salmon have a relatively complex life history that includes spawning and juvenile rearing in rivers followed by migrating to saltwater to feed, grow, and mature before returning to freshwater to spawn. They are vulnerable to many stressors and threats including blocked access to spawning grounds and habitat degradation caused by dams and culverts. Two species of chinook salmon are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act, seven species are listed as threatened under the ESA, and one species is a candidate for listing under the ESA.
NOAA Fisheries is committed to conserving and protecting chinook salmon. Our scientists and partners use a variety of innovative techniques to study, learn more about, and protect this species.
Protected Status
ESA Endangered
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Sacramento River winter-run
ESA Endangered
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Upper Columbia River spring-run
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
California coastal
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Central Valley spring-run
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Lower Columbia River
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Puget Sound
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Snake River fall-run
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Snake River spring/summer-run
ESA Threatened
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Upper Willamette River
ESA Candidate
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Upper Klamath-Trinity River
ESA Candidate
Oregon Coast spring-run
ESA Candidate
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Southern Oregon and Northern California Coastal spring-run
ESA Experimental Population
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Central Valley spring-run in the San Joaquin River XN
ESA Experimental Population
1 evolutionarily significant unit
Upper Columbia River spring-run in the Okanogan River subbasin XN
The Pacific leatherback sea turtles have existed in their current form without scales and a hard shell since the age of the dinosaurs, but threats from bycatch, egg harvesting, and degradation of nesting habit have made this species endangered. Photo credit Jason Isley, Scubazoo.
The Sacramento River winter-run evolutionarily significant unit (called an "ESU") of Chinook salmon is one of NOAA Fisheries' Species in the Spotlight. This initiative is a concerted, agency-wide effort launched in 2015 to spotlight and save the most highly at-risk marine species.
Chinook salmon are an iconic part of California's natural heritage that must be preserved in order to ensure the economic and recreational wellbeing of future generations. Millions of wild salmon once returned to spawn in the foothills and mountains of California's Central Valley. Streams fed by rainfall, snowmelt, and cold water springs encircled the valley, fostering a diversity and abundance of Chinook salmon. The endangered Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon are particularly important among California's salmon runs because they exhibit a life-history strategy found nowhere else on the West Coast. These Chinook salmon are unique in that they spawn during the summer months when air temperatures usually approach their warmest.
As a result, winter-run Chinook salmon require stream reaches with cold water sources that will protect their incubating eggs from the warm ambient conditions. Because of this need for cold water during the summer, winter-run Chinook salmon historically occurred only in rivers and creeks fed by cold water springs, such as the Little Sacramento, McCloud, and Pit rivers, and Battle Creek.
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Juvenile Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon.
The construction of Shasta and Keswick dams eliminated access to the Little Sacramento, McCloud, and Pit rivers, effectively causing the extirpation of the winter-run Chinook salmon populations that spawned and reared there. The fish from these different populations were forced to mix and spawn as one population downstream of Keswick Dam on the Sacramento River. The construction and operation of hydropower facilities in Battle Creek made the creek inhospitable to winter-run Chinook salmon, and that population also was extirpated.
The one remaining winter-run Chinook salmon population has persisted in large part due to agency-managed cold water releases from Shasta Reservoir during the summer and artificial propagation from Livingston Stone National Fish Hatchery's winter-run Chinook salmon conservation program. Thus, winter-run Chinook salmon are dependent on sufficient cold water storage in Shasta Reservoir, and it has long been recognized that a prolonged drought could have devastating impacts, possibly leading to the species' extinction.
Threats
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Currently, Shasta and Keswick dams block winter-run Chinook salmon from nearly all of their historical spawning habitat. The spawning habitat that is accessible is subject to water temperatures that are too warm to support egg and fry survival, particularly during droughts, some of which have been very severe in recent years.
In addition to lost and degraded spawning habitat, 98 percent of riparian and floodplain habitat along the Sacramento River is no longer available to support juvenile rearing. Other threats to winter-run Chinook salmon include water withdrawals, predation by non-native species, lack of quality rearing habitat in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and commercial and recreational fisheries.
State and federal agencies, public organizations, non-profit groups and others in California's Central Valley have formed strong partnerships to save Sacramento River winter-run Chinook salmon. Efforts to protect winter-run Chinook salmon include restoring habitat, utilizing conservation hatchery programs, closely monitoring the population, and carefully managing scarce cold water. Additional key actions needed to safeguard winter-run Chinook salmon from further declines include:
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Juvenile winter-run chinook salmon being reintroduced to Battle Creek.
Improving management of Shasta Reservoir's storage in order to provide cold water for spawning adults, eggs, and fry, stable summer flows to avoid dewatering redds, and winter/spring pulse flows to improve smolt survival through the delta.
Improving Yolo Bypass fish habitat and passage so juveniles can more frequently utilize the bypass for rearing and adults can freely pass from the bypass back to the Sacramento River.
Managing winter and early spring delta conditions for improved juvenile survival.
Conducting landscape-scale restoration throughout the delta to improve the ecosystem's health and support native species.
Expanding the Livingston Stone National Fish Hatchery's facilities to support both the captive broodstock and conservation hatchery programs; and
Evaluating alternative control rules used to limit incidental take of winter-run Chinook salmon in ocean fisheries.
Species in the Spotlight Priority Actions
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We developed a Species in the Spotlight 2021-2025 Priority Action Plan that builds on the recovery plan and the 2016-2020 Priority Action Plan and details the focused efforts that are needed over the next five years. The plan lists key actions NOAA Fisheries and its partners can take from 2021 to 2025 to help recover the species. These actions include:
Improve management of Shasta Reservoir cold water storage
Restore and reintroduce winter-run Chinook to Battle Creek habitat
Reintroduce winter-run Chinook salmon into historical habitats above Shasta Dam
Improve Yolo Bypass fish habitat and passage
Manage winter and early spring delta conditions to improve juvenile survival
Collaborative science and fostering partnerships
In our first five years of the Species in the Spotlight, we have:
Improved Shasta Reservoir cold water management (good survival from egg to juvenile stages since 2016).
Reintroduced 567,000+ winter-run Chinook salmon into Battle Creek.
Documented successful spawning and natural production of juveniles in Battle Creek in 2020.
Improved fish passage conditions with projects completed at the Knights Landing Outfall Gates, Wallace Weir, and Fremont Weir.
Acoustically tagged winter-run Chinook salmon juveniles annually to get real-time information on distribution to inform water management decisions.
While we still have much to do, these are important steps towards recovery for Sacramento River winter-run chinook salmon.
Randi Field with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's MidPacific Region is responsible for operation of the largest reservoir in California, the Shasta Reservoir. Shasta Reservoir stores up to 4.5 million acre-feet of water that meets critical water supply needs for farms and cities. It must also maintain conditions for drinking water and fish protection throughout California. Winter-run Chinook salmon eggs and fry are vulnerable to summer heat. They persist because of the careful operations of the limited cold-water pool deep in Shasta Reservoir.
NOAA Fisheries has adopted three recovery plans for the four ESA-listed Snake River basin species: steelhead, spring/summer Chinook salmon, fall Chinook salmon and sockeye salmon. The Snake River Sockeye Recovery Plan was adopted in June 2015. The Snake River Fall Chinook Recovery Plan and Snake River Spring/Summer Chinook Salmon and Snake River Basin Steelhead Recovery Plans were adopted in November 2017.
It is our intent to optimize Recovery Plan implementation through stakeholder involvement to prioritize and implement recovery actions; particularly through NOAA Fisheries’ Snake River Coordination Group.
Sacramento River Winter-Run ESU Brian Ellrott, Recovery Coordinator
Central Valley Spring Run ESU Brian Ellrott, Recovery Coordinator
Regulatory History
Upper Klamath-Trinity Rivers Chinook Salmon ESU
In 2017, the Karuk Tribe and Salmon River Restoration Council petitioned NOAA to list the Upper Klamath-Trinity Rivers (UKTR) Chinook salmon ESU or, alternatively, create a new ESU to describe Klamath Spring Chinook salmon and list it as threatened or endangered under the ESA.
NOAA Fisheries is issuing a proposed rule to authorize the reintroduction of Central Valley (CV) spring-run Chinook salmon in the upper Yuba River above Englebright Dam. This proposed rule would designate the fish released as nonessential experimental…
We, NOAA Fisheries, announce a 90- day finding on a petition to list spring-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the Oregon coast as a threatened or endangered Evolutionarily Significant Unit under the Endangered Species Act and to designate…
NOAA Fisheries is making available for public review its Proposed Evaluation and Pending Determination (PEPD) analyzing effects of our proposed determination on three hatchery programs currently operating in the Dungeness River basin of Puget Sound…
NMFS approved rebuilding plans recommended by the Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) for two overfished stocks: Klamath River fall-run Chinook salmon (KRFC) and Sacramento River fall-run Chinook salmon (SRFC). NMFS determined in June 2018 that…
NOAA Fisheries proposes to make two Endangered Species Act (ESA) section 4(d) determinations for hatchery operations in the Yankee Fork and Panther Creek, upper Salmon River tributaries. An environmental assessment and a Proposed Evaluation and Pending…
NOAA Fisheries announces the Final Calaveras River Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) and Environmental Assessment (EA) availability and subsequent issuance of the Incidental Take Permit under Section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA)…
NOAA Fisheries conducts various research activities on the biology, behavior, and ecology of chinook salmon. The results of this research are used to inform management decisions for this species.
Dive Deeper Into Our Research
Chinook Salmon in Alaska
Juveniles of the five Pacific salmon species.
Our work to forecast salmon harvests, assess the impact of commercial fisheries on salmon, and evaluate how salmon populations respond to environmental changes enable us to estimate abundance and trends for chinook salmon in Alaska.
