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Species Directory

Pacific Salmon and Steelhead

Overview ESA Protected Species Alaska Fisheries West Coast Fisheries Science Resources

Pacific Salmon and Steelhead

640x427-pacific-salmon-and-steelhead.jpg

Quick Facts

Number of Species
6
Species Include
Chinook Salmon, Chum Salmon, Coho Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, Pink Salmon, Steelhead Trout
Region
Alaska, West Coast
750x500-chinook-salmon.jpg

About

Pacific salmon and steelhead have a dynamic life cycle that includes time in fresh and saltwater habitats. These fish are born in freshwater streams and rivers, migrate to coastal estuaries, then enter the ocean where they mature. They usually return as adults to the same streams where they were born to spawn and begin the cycle again.

NOAA Fisheries manages and protects several species of fish in the Salmonidae family in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Some are threatened or endangered and protected under the Endangered Species Act. Others are targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries and are managed under the Magnuson-Stevens Act to maintain healthy, sustainable population levels.

Pacific salmon and steelhead include the following species:

  • Chinook Salmon
    • ESA protected
    • MSA-managed fisheries
  • Chum Salmon
    • ESA protected
    • MSA-managed fisheries
  • Coho Salmon
    • ESA protected
    • MSA-managed fisheries
  • Sockeye Salmon
    • ESA protected
    • MSA-managed fisheries
  • Pink Salmon
    • MSA-managed fisheries
  • Steelhead Trout
    • ESA protected

Learn about our work to manage and protect salmon and steelhead in the Pacific Northwest:


    Featured News

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    Recreational Fishing Regulations

    Commercial Fishing Regulations

    Subsistence Fishing Regulations

    Alaska Fisheries

    Salmon fisheries provide for commercial, sport, subsistence, and tribal harvest in ocean and inland waters of Alaska. Steelhead are harvested in sport and subsistence fisheries.

    Pink salmon swimming along a river bottom.

    Pink salmon. Photo: John R. McMillan, NWFSC

    Salmon Fisheries

    The North Pacific Fishery Management Council manages salmon fisheries of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off Alaska under the Magnuson-Stevens Act to maintain healthy, sustainable population levels. The Council developed the Fishery Management Plan for Alaskan Salmon Fisheries (Salmon FMP) in the EEZ off Alaska under the MSA.

    The Salmon FMP allows a commercial troll fishery in the EEZ off Southeast Alaska, and closes the remaining EEZ off Central and Western Alaska to commercial salmon fishing. All other salmon fishing occurs in State of Alaska managed waters (inside 3 nautical miles), or in one of three historical State-managed net fishing areas that extend into the EEZ. The Salmon FMP does not cover the fisheries in these three State managed fishing areas: Cook Inlet, Prince William Sound, and Alaska Peninsula.

    The Salmon FMP delegates management of the commercial troll fishery in Southeast Alaska to the State of Alaska and, under the Pacific Salmon Treaty, the U.S.-Canada Pacific Salmon Commission. The Southeast Alaska troll fishery is a mixed-stock, mixed-species fishery that primarily targets chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch), with pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) taken incidentally.

    NOAA Fisheries’ West Coast Region has jurisdiction over the salmon species listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act.

    Learn more about Alaska salmon fisheries

    Steelhead Fisheries

    Steelhead are managed by the State of Alaska. They are harvested in state sport and subsistence fisheries.

    More Information

    • State of Alaska Commercial Salmon Fisheries
    • State of Alaska Sport Salmon Fisheries
    • State of Alaska Personal Use Salmon Fisheries
    • State of Alaska Subsistence Salmon Fisheries
    • North Pacific Fishery Management Council Cook Inlet Salmon Committee
    • Federal Fisheries Management in Alaska

    West Coast Fisheries

    NOAA Fisheries works in cooperation with federal, state, tribal, and Canadian officials to manage salmon and steelhead fisheries in ocean and inland waters of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California. These fisheries are managed under the Magnuson-Stevens Act to maintain healthy, sustainable population levels.

    Coho salmon swimming along a river bottom.

    Coho salmon. Photo: John R. McMillan, NWFSC

    Ocean Salmon Fisheries

    NOAA Fisheries works with the Pacific Fishery Management Council and the Pacific Salmon Commission to manage harvest of salmon in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone off the coasts of Washington, Oregon, and California. The Council's Salmon Fishery Management Plan guides the management of these salmon fisheries based on the terms of the MSA. The plan covers Chinook and coho salmon, and sometimes pink salmon near the Canadian border. Sockeye, chum, and steelhead are rarely caught in ocean fisheries.

    Learn about ocean salmon fisheries on the West Coast

    Salmon and Steelhead in Coastal Bays and Tributaries

    Some fisheries are not managed under the MSA by NOAA Fisheries or the Pacific Fishery Management Council.

    Washington and Oregon

    Salmon fisheries in coastal bays and tributaries in Washington and Oregon are managed by the states and tribes.

    Learn about salmon fisheries management in Washington and Oregon

    In conjunction with states and tribes, specific area management has also been established:

    • Puget Sound Salmon and Steelhead Fisheries
    • Columbia River Basin Salmon and Steelhead Fisheries
    • Snake River Basin Salmon and Steelhead Fisheries

    California

    Salmon and steelhead fisheries in tributaries of California are managed by the state.

    Learn about salmon and steelhead fisheries in California

    More Information

    • More About Salmon and Steelhead Fisheries on the West Coast
    • Status of Salmon Stocks Managed Under the MSA on the West Coast
    • Freshwater Habitat and Salmon
    • Fisheries Management on the West Coast

    Management Overview

    NOAA Fisheries has listed 28 population groups of salmon and steelhead on the West Coast as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Primary listing and recovery responsibilities for salmon and steelhead belong to NOAA Fisheries. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, other federal and state agencies, and tribal governments also play important roles in recovery.

    Learn about the conservation and management of these species

    What We Do

    Our West Coast Region works with partners to protect, conserve, and recover salmon and steelhead by addressing the threats these animals face and by restoring the habitat on which they depend.

    Recovery Planning and Implementation

    The ESA requires us to develop and implement recovery plans for salmon and steelhead listed under the ESA. Recovery plans identify actions needed to restore threatened and endangered salmon and steelhead to the point that they are again viable and a functional element of their ecosystems and no longer need protection. Although recovery plans are guidance, not regulatory documents, the ESA envisions recovery plans as the central organizing tool for guiding and coordinating recovery efforts across a wide spectrum of federal, state, tribal, local, and private entities. Recovery planning is an opportunity to find common ground among diverse interests, obtain needed protection and restoration for salmonids and their habitat, and secure the economic and cultural benefits of healthy watersheds and rivers. Recovery planning is a collaborative effort that draws on the collective knowledge, expertise, and actions of communities and partnerships.

    Find recovery plans for West Coast salmon and steelhead

    Habitat Restoration

    Through habitat restoration, we work to undo the damages done to coastal wetlands and salmon-bearing streams. Nearly half of historic tidal wetlands have disappeared from Oregon's coastal estuaries; while in Puget Sound more than 80 percent of tidal wetlands have been lost and vast areas of floodplain wetlands have been cut off from rivers by levees or filled for development. In California, nearly 90 percent of the wetlands have been lost from habitat destruction mainly spurred by a booming population and economic development. We work with our partners to reconnect these marshes and floodplains to tidal or riparian waters and to restore habitat. We restore spawning and rearing habitats for fish, including salmon and steelhead, and improve fish passage by removing dams or replacing undersized culverts.

    Learn more about the restoration of salmon and steelhead habitat

    Hatchery Programs

    Habitat alterations, hydroelectric development, and consumptive fisheries have impacted most of the salmon and steelhead populations in the Pacific Northwest. Hatcheries, or artificial propagation, are one tool to help support wild populations and provide fish for harvest.

    Learn about salmon and steelhead hatcheries on the West Coast

    Upstream and Downstream Passage

    Dams change the way rivers function, and may interfere with the life cycles of salmon, steelhead, and other animals. They are barriers to juvenile salmon migrating to the ocean, and obstacles as adult fish return to their natal streams to spawn. Dams also affect the way water moves down a river, by changing the amount and timing of flow, as well as its temperature and chemical characteristics.

    For salmon to thrive, it is important to provide safe, swift passage for juveniles traveling to the ocean and for adults migrating back to their spawning grounds. There are many types of passage infrastructure in use at and around dams, depending on factors such as a dam’s age, size, location, and purpose. Sometimes passage facilities are added many years after a dam is built.

    Learn about fish passage solutions

    Learn about juvenile downstream passage

    Learn about adult upstream passage

    Find information on hydropower project reviews in Alaska

    Find information on hydropower project reviews on the West Coast

    Reintroduction Efforts

    Because of habitat destruction and hydropower dams on migratory rivers, many salmon and steelhead species no longer occupy their historical habitats. Reintroducing a species into its historical range is often critical to its recovery.

    The ESA provides an important tool to facilitate the reintroduction of threatened and endangered species such as salmon. Section 10(j) of the ESA provides NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service authority to designate populations of listed species as “experimental.” This designation allows us to reestablish self-sustaining populations in regions that are outside the species’ current range when doing so fosters its conservation and recovery.

    Learn more about species reintroductions

    Pair of steelhead trout digging redd in California river bed.

    Pair of steelhead trout digging redd in Stevens Creek in northern California. Photo courtesy of Guadalupe Coyote Resource Conservation District.

    Protected Salmon & Steelhead

      Chinook Salmon

      Nine evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of Chinook salmon are protected under the ESA: 

      • Upper Willamette River Chinook Salmon
      • Snake River Spring/Summer-run Chinook Salmon
      • Snake River Fall-run Chinook Salmon
      • Puget Sound Chinook Salmon
      • Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon
      • Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon
      • Central Valley Spring-run Chinook Salmon
      • California Coastal Chinook Salmon
      • Upper Columbia River Spring-run Chinook Salmon

      Chum Salmon

      Two ESUs of chum salmon are protected under the ESA:

      • Hood Canal Summer-run Chum Salmon
      • Columbia River Chum Salmon

      Coho Salmon

      Four ESUs of coho salmon are protected under the ESA:

      • Southern Oregon/Northern California Coast Coho Salmon
      • Oregon Coast Coho Salmon
      • Lower Columbia River Coho Salmon
      • Central California Coast Coho Salmon

      Sockeye Salmon

      Two ESUs of sockeye salmon are protected under the ESA:

      • Snake River Sockeye Salmon
      • Ozette Lake Sockeye Salmon

      Steelhead

      Eleven distinct population segments (DPSs) of steelhead are protected under the ESA:

      • Lower Columbia River Steelhead
      • California Central Valley Steelhead
      • Middle Columbia River Steelhead
      • Upper Willamette River Steelhead
      • Central California Coast Steelhead
      • Northern California Coast Steelhead
      • Puget Sound Steelhead
      • Upper Columbia River Steelhead
      • Snake River Basin Steelhead
      • South-Central California Coast Steelhead
      • Southern California Coast Steelhead

      More Information

      • Salmon and Steelhead Range Maps and GIS Data
      • Salmon and Steelhead Critical Habitat Maps and GIS Data
      • What You Can Do to Help Recover Salmon and Steelhead

      Science Overview

      Alaska

      Our Alaska Fisheries Science Center works to understand ecological processes that drive the productivity of anadromous fish populations (those that migrate up rivers from the sea in order to breed) in freshwater, estuarine, transitional, and marine ecosystems of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. Our scientists focus on marine ecology research, forecasting salmon recruitment, and evaluating the impacts of commercial fisheries on salmon populations.

      Learn more about salmon research in Alaska

      Pacific Northwest

      Scientists at our Northwest Fisheries Science Center contribute to species recovery through research, monitoring, and analysis. These scientists provide NOAA Fisheries managers and regional stakeholders with the tools and information they need to craft effective regulations and develop sustainable plans for recovery.

      Learn more about salmon and steelhead research in the Pacific Northwest

      Pacific Southwest

      Our Southwest Fisheries Science Center conducts biological and economic research of salmonid fishes in California that are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Research supporting their restoration and recovery includes distribution and abundance, metapopulation dynamics and viability analysis, population genetics, life history tactics and strategies, spatial ecology, wild/hatchery interactions, and ocean and estuarine ecology.

      Learn more from our Southwest Fisheries Science Center

      Research & Data

      West Coast Groundfish Observer Program In-Season Salmon Reporting

      The In-Season Salmon Reporting Service is a RESTful web service that…
      June 29, 2020 - Data Set ,
      West Coast

      Salmon Habitat Status and Trend Monitoring Program Data

      Habitat data sets for habitat status and trend monitoring in Puget Sound…
      June 18, 2020 - Map ,
      West Coast

      Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund Database

      The Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund (PCSRF) database serves as a…
      February 11, 2020 - Database ,
      Alaska
      West Coast

      Recovery Action Database

      Tracks the implementation of recovery actions from Endangered Species Act…
      February 10, 2020 - Database ,
      National
      View More

      More Information

      • Stock Assessments

      Documents

      Document

      Biological Opinion for Operation and Maintenance of the Fourteen Multiple-Use Dam and Reservoir Projects in the Columbia River System

      Endangered Species Act (ESA) Section 7(a)(2) Biological Opinion and Magnuson-Stevens Fishery…

      West Coast
      Document

      Consultation on Implementation of the Pacific Fishery Management Council Salmon Fishery Management Plan in 2020 for Southern Resident Killer Whales and their Current and Proposed Critical Habitat

      The proposed action analyzed in this opinion is NMFS’s approval and implementation of the annual…

      West Coast
      Document

      Final Environmental Assessment and FONSI: 2020 Ocean Salmon Management

      This report was prepared by the Salmon Technical Team (STT) of the Pacific Fishery Management…

      West Coast
      Document

      Priority Action Coho Team: Strategic Partnering to Accelerate Central California Coast Coho Salmon Recovery

      The Priority Action Coho Team (PACT) was initiated in 2011 as a joint initiative of the California…

      West Coast
      More Documents

      Data & Maps

      Data

      West Coast Groundfish Observer Program In-Season Salmon Reporting

      The In-Season Salmon Reporting Service is a RESTful web service that reports expanded weights and…

      West Coast
      Map

      Salmon Habitat Status and Trend Monitoring Program Data

      West Coast
      Data

      Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund Database

      The Pacific Coastal Salmon Recovery Fund (PCSRF) database serves as a project and performance…

      Alaska
      West Coast
      Data

      Recovery Action Database

      Tracks the implementation of recovery actions from Endangered Species Act (ESA) recovery plans.

      National
      More Data and Maps

      Research

      Southwest Fisheries Science Center Stock Assessments

      Population assessments are a key component of marine resource management. These assessments allow us to evaluate and report the status of managed fisheries, marine mammals, and endangered/threatened species under the authorities of the Magnuson-Stevens…

      West Coast

      Watershed Program Publications

      Publications of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center's Watershed Program from 2010-present.

      West Coast

      Monitoring Guidance and Tools Research Products

      The NWFSC Watershed Program's select publications related to restoration effectiveness research.

      West Coast

      Restoration Effectiveness Research Products

      The NWFSC Watershed Program's select publications related to restoration effectiveness research.

      West Coast
      More Research

      Outreach & Education

      Educational Materials

      Pacific Salmon Survival Pyramid

      The Salmon Survival Pyramid shows the average survival rate of Pacific salmon from egg to spawning…

      West Coast
      Educational Materials

      Salmonid Savers – Word Puzzles, Mazes, and Gamed About Saving Salmon and Steelhead

      Through comics, word puzzles, and mazes, kids learn about the importance of salmonids (e.g., salmon…

      West Coast
      Educational Materials

      Hábitat del salmón bueno, hábitat del salmón malo - Juego de cartas (en español)

      ¿Qué características del hábitat le dan al salmón la oportunidad de prosperar y qué condiciones son…

      West Coast
      Educational Materials

      Salmon Survival Game

      The Salmon Survival board game walks participants through the salmon life cycle. During each life…

      West Coast
      More Outreach and Education Materials
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